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211.
212.
We investigate individual heterogeneity in the tendency to under-respond to feedback (“conservatism”) and to respond more strongly to positive compared to negative feedback (“asymmetry”). We elicit beliefs about relative performance after repeated rounds of feedback across a series of cognitive tests. Relative to a Bayesian benchmark, we find that subjects update on average conservatively but not asymmetrically. We define individual measures of conservatism and asymmetry relative to the average subject, and show that these measures explain an important part of the variation in beliefs and competition entry decisions. Relative conservatism is correlated across tasks and predicts competition entry both independently of beliefs and by influencing beliefs, suggesting it can be considered a personal trait. Relative asymmetry is less stable across tasks, but predicts competition entry by increasing self-confidence. Ego-relevance of the task correlates with relative conservatism but not relative asymmetry. 相似文献
213.
Is imprecise knowledge better than conflicting expertise? Evidence from insurers’ decisions in the United States 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Laure Cabantous Denis Hilton Howard Kunreuther Erwann Michel-Kerjan 《Journal of Risk and Uncertainty》2011,42(3):211-232
This paper reports the results of the first experiment in the United States designed to distinguish between two sources of
ambiguity: imprecise ambiguity (expert groups agree on a range of probability, but not on any point estimate) versus conflict ambiguity (each expert group provides a precise probability estimate which differs from one group to another). The specific context
is whether risk professionals (here, insurers) behave differently under risk (when probability is well-specified) and different
types of ambiguity in pricing catastrophic risks (floods and hurricanes) and non-catastrophic risks (house fires). The data
show that insurers charge higher premiums when faced with ambiguity than when the probability of a loss is well specified
(risk). Furthermore, they tend to charge more for conflict ambiguity than imprecise ambiguity for flood and hurricane hazards, but less in the case of fire. The source of ambiguity also impacts causal inferences insurers
make to reduce their uncertainty. 相似文献
214.
We argue, in the spirit of some of Jean-Yves Jaffray’s work, that explicitly incorporating the information, however imprecise,
available to the decision maker is relevant, feasible, and fruitful. In particular, we show that it can lead us to know whether
the decision maker has wrong beliefs and whether it matters or not, that it makes it possible to better model and analyze
how the decision maker takes into account new information, even when this information is not an event and finally that it
is crucial when attempting to identify and measure the decision maker’s attitude toward imprecise information. 相似文献
215.
216.
217.
An Initial Comparison of Live Instruction and Immersive Video Modes of Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Peter G. Mezo Jeanna Hall Christopher M. Duggan Valerie A. Noël 《Journal of Technology in Human Services》2013,31(3):212-223
Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) is an established treatment for the reduction of anxiety, and has been delivered via live instruction, audiotape, videotape, and immersive video. Although previous research has compared some of these modes of PMR delivery, this is the first study to compare live instruction with immersive video. Participants completed one session of either live instruction or immersive video PMR, and outcome data was obtained for affect, satisfaction, and heart rate. Results indicate the comparability of live instruction and immersive video PMR conditions, as well as the overall effectiveness of a single session of PMR. Moreover, results suggest the potential superiority of immersive video over live instruction in terms of perceived value. 相似文献
218.
Discrepant Responding across Self-Report Measures of Men's Coercive and Aggressive Sexual Strategies
Emily Strang Zoë D. Peterson Yvette N. Hill Julia R. Heiman 《Journal of sex research》2013,50(5):458-469
Researchers have worked to refine the measurement of women's experiences with sexual victimization. Less is known about the validity and reliability of measures that assess men's use of sexual coercion and aggression. These studies explore the consistency of men's responses to two distinct, but similar, measures of sexual coercion and aggression. The two measures both assess historical use of verbal coercion, sexual assault involving drugs or alcohol, and sexual assault through threat or force. Study 1 used college men as participants (N = 398), whereas Study 2 used a mixed sample of college and community men (N = 184). In both studies, participants’ responses were largely inconsistent across the two measures. This article explores potential measurement issues that may account for the observed reporting discrepancies and offers suggestions for future research. 相似文献
219.
The main objective of this study was to test Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIM) describing the relationship between wives' and husbands' love styles and marital satisfaction within heterosexual couples (n=146 couples). Love styles (i.e., Eros, Ludus, Storge, Mania, Pragma, Agape) were set out in Lee's theory of love, which defines love as an attitude, meaning a predisposition to think, feel, and behave toward one's partner. Six APIMs representing each love style were tested using a path analysis procedure. Length of marriage and wives' and husbands' depressive moods were entered into the models as control variables. The results revealed that among the love styles, only Eros contributed to marital satisfaction for both men and women. However, our results showed that wives' Eros style had a positive impact on husbands' marital satisfaction, whereas husbands' Eros style did not influence wives' marital satisfaction. 相似文献
220.
Reports of Wins and Risk Taking: An Investigation of the Mediating Effect of the Illusion of Control
Frédéric Martinez Valérie Le Floch Bernard Gaffié Gaëlle Villejoubert 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2011,27(2):271-285
Two experiments examined the relationships between the knowledge that another person has won in a gamble, the illusion of
control and risk taking. Participants played a computer-simulated French roulette game individually. Before playing, some
participants learnt that another person won a large amount of money. Results from a first experiment (n = 24) validated a causal model where the knowledge of another person’s win increased the illusion of control, measured with
betting times, expectancy and self-reports on scales, which in turn encourages risk taking. In the second experiment (n = 36), some participants were told the previous player acknowledged the win to be fortuitous. The suppression of the belief
that the previous winner had himself exerted control over the outcome resulted in lower rates of risk-taking behaviors. This
suggests that it was not the knowledge of another person’s win in itself that increased risk taking, but rather, the belief
that the other person had some control over the gamble’s outcome. Theoretical implications for the study of social mechanisms
involved in gambling behavior are discussed. 相似文献