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991.
Network coding is a generalization of conventional routing methods that allows a network node to code information flows before forwarding them. While it has been theoretically proved that network coding can achieve maximum network throughput, theoretical results usually do not consider the stochastic nature in information processing and transmission, especially when the capacity of each arc becomes stochastic due to failure, attacks, or maintenance. Hence, the reliability measurement of network coding becomes an important issue to evaluate the performance of the network under various system settings. In this paper, we present analytical expressions to measure the reliability of multicast communications in coded networks, where network coding is most promising. We define the probability that a multicast rate can be transmitted through a coded packet network under a total transmission cost constraint as the reliability metric. To do this, we first introduce an exact mathematical formulation to construct multicast connections over coded packet networks under a limited transmission cost. We then propose an algorithm based on minimal paths to calculate the reliability measurement of multicast connections and analyze the complexity of the algorithm. Our results show that the reliability of multicast routing with network coding improved significantly compared to the case of multicast routing without network coding. 相似文献
992.
Vladimir Vanyushyn Maria Bengtsson Malin H. Näsholm Håkan Boter 《Review of Managerial Science》2018,12(2):535-557
International coopetition has rarely been studied in relation to innovation. Further exploration of effects of international coopetition, i.e. the pursuit of simultaneous cooperation and competition, on a firm’s innovation performance is especially important as such a relationship is challenging with a high propensity to fail. This observation formed the point of departure for this study, which aims to increase the understanding of the effects of international coopetition on firm innovativeness and how these effects are conditioned on the magnitude of the organizational adjustments a firm introduces. We use an unbalanced panel of 9839 firms that participated in four waves of the Swedish Community Innovation Survey between 2008 and 2014 as our empirical base. We illustrate that firms that cooperate with competitors internationally are more likely to exhibit higher propensity to introduce radical innovations, yet this effect is conditioned upon the magnitude of organizational adjustments. Overall, our study contributes to the understanding of the implications of international coopetition and what a firm needs to benefit from it. 相似文献
993.
We describe a regression-based approach to the modelling of age-, order-, and duration-specific period fertility, using retrospective survey data. The approach produces results that are free of selection biases and can be used to study differential fertility. It is applied to Demographic and Health Survey data for Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe to investigate differential trends in fertility by education. Parity progression fell and the intervals following each birth lengthened between the 1970s and 2000s in all four countries. Fertility fell most among women with secondary education. In contrast to other world regions, postponement of successive births for extended periods accounted for much of the initial drop in fertility in these African countries. However, family size limitation by women with secondary education in Ethiopia and Kenya and longer birth spacing in Zimbabwe also played significant roles. Thus, birth control is being adopted in Eastern Africa in response to diverse changes in fertility preferences. 相似文献
994.
995.
996.
In the last decade the Maltese population has seen an influx of overseas-born individuals. This has been largely due to Malta’s
access to the European Union and the increased intake of refugee immigrants. These immigration trends have resulted in changes
in population composition, with the overseas-born population increasing from 17,740 (4.7%) in 1995 to 24,560 (6.1%) in 2005.
There has also been an increase in the proportion of births registered in Malta to overseas citizens, including citizens of
non-EU Europe (1.1%); the African continent (1.5%); America (0.3%); and Asia (0.8%). About ten per cent of marriages in Malta
are between a Maltese spouse and a foreigner. The data suggest that the Maltese population is slowly becoming more cosmopolitan,
a trend that is gradually changing the ethnic composition of the Maltese community. 相似文献
997.
998.
Alisson F. Barbieri Edson Domingues Bernardo L. Queiroz Ricardo M. Ruiz José I. Rigotti José A. M. Carvalho Marco F. Resende 《Population and environment》2010,31(5):344-370
This research contributes to an understanding of the relationship between climate change, economic impacts and migration.
We model the long-term relationship (up to 45 years of projection) between demographic dynamics—particularly migration—driven
by changes in the performance of the economy due to climate changes in the Northeast region of Brazil. The region is of particular
relevance to the study of climate change impacts given its large human population (28% of Brazil’s population) and high levels
of impoverishment, having an extensive semi-dry area which will be severely impacted by growing temperatures. Ultimately,
the integrated model generates state- and municipal-level migration scenarios based on climate change impacts on the primary
economic sectors and their articulations with other sectors. Results suggest that the predicted climate changes will impact
severely the agriculture sector in the region, acting as a potential migration push factor to other regions in the country.
Finally, we discuss how the increased vulnerability of some groups, particularly migrants, can be factored into Brazilian
public policy and planning. 相似文献
999.
Many faculty members consider using case studies but not all end up using them. We provide a brief review of what cases are
intended to do and identify three ways in which they can be used. We then use an example to illustrate how we have used the
case study method in teaching business demography. Among other benefits, we note that the case studies method not only encourages
the acquisition of skills by students, but can be used to promote “deep structure learning,” an approach naturally accommodates
other features associated with the case studies method—the development of critical thinking skills, the use of real world
problems, the emphasis of concepts over mechanics, writing and presentation skills, active cooperative learning and the “worthwhileness”
of a course. As noted by others, we understand the limitations of the case study method. However, given its strengths, we
believe it has a place in the instructional toolbox for courses in business demography. The fact that courses we teach is
a testament to our perceived efficacy of this tool. 相似文献
1000.
The advent of a continuously updated Master Area File (MAF) following the 2000 census represents an information resource that
can be tapped for purposes of developing timely, cost-effective, and precise population estimates for even the smallest of
geographical units (e.g., census blocks). We argue that the MAF can be enhanced (EMAF) for these purposes. In support of our
argument we describe a set of activities needed to develop EMAF, each of which is well within the current capabilities of
the U.S. Census Bureau and discuss various costs and benefits of each. We also describe how EMAF would provide population
estimates containing a wide range of demographic (e.g., age, race, and sex) and socio-economic characteristics (e.g., educational
attainment, income, and employment). As such, it could largely negate and eliminate the need for many of the traditional demographic
methods of population estimation and possibly reduce the number of sample surveys. We identify important challenges that must
be surmounted in order to realize EMAF and make suggestions for doing so. We conclude by noting that the idea of the EMAF
could be of interest to other countries with MAF files and strong administrative records systems that, like the United States,
are facing the challenge of producing good population information in the face of increasing census costs. 相似文献