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581.
Given current imperatives for more effective, responsive, and economical government, policy planners and administrators are seeking increasing assistance from social scientists. Here the usefulness of social indicators to the processes of policy planning and implementation in the delivery of mental health, alcohol and drug abuse services is investigated to determine whether social indicator data can contribute to more effective policy planning. In a two part study, the relationship between social indicators and Specific sources of these data were: population total, subdivided by geographic area and race (Caucasian, Black, and Other, which in Arizona is virtually all Native Americans) from the 1975 special census; population by age and ratio of dissolutions to marriages from the Arizona Statistical Review for 1977; crime rates from the Arizona State Justice Planning Agency for 1975; and cause of death rates from the Bureau of Vital Statistics, Arizona Department of Health Services for 1975. Subjective measures of psychological well-being were not available for the internal validational component of the study. state wide service utilization rates and The Negative Affect Scale measures the individual's level of anxiety, worry, loneliness, and sadness, and is associated with other measures that have been used in epidemiological studies to identify persons with psychological difficulties. The Psychiatric Screening Inventory assesses an individual's level of psychiatric impairment as evidenced by the frequency with which he or she reports having experienced each of the 22 psychological and psychosomatic symptoms on the scale. It has also been used in numerous epidemiological studies to investigated levels of impairment among various populations. The Positive Affect Scale reflects the degree to which the person is involved with, interested in, and experiences control over his or her physical and social environment. Active involvement with the world and frequent social participation are considered to be conducive to the experience of positive affect. The Perceived Quality of Life Scale measures the degree to which the persons is satisfied with the quality of his or her life. The score on this scale is a composite of the respondent's level of satisfaction in different areas of life such as standard of living, health, personal functioning, and family life. The greater the satisfaction in these separate areas, the higher will be the individual's overall evaluation of the quality of his or her life. psychological well-being in the community is examined. Both objective and subjective social indicators were studied. Both types of indicators were found to be useful and complementary in identifying service needs and states of well-being in the community. 相似文献
582.
This paper addresses issues of causal direction in research on subjective well-being (SWB). Previous researchers have generally assumed that such variables as domain satisfactions, social support, life events, and levels of expectation and aspiration are causes of SWB. Critics have pointed out that they could just as well be consequences (Costa and McCrae, 1980; Veenhoven, 1988). In some contexts this has been referred to as the top-down versus bottom-up controversy (Diener, 1984). The main purpose is to propose a general statistical model which holds promise of resolving this controversy. The model can be used when three or more waves of panel data are available. It is used here to assess causal direction between six domain satisfactions (marriage, work, leisure, standard of living, friendship and health) and SWB. Data are drawn from four waves of an Australian Quality of Life panel survey (1981–1987) with an initial sample size of 942.We particularly thank Ronald C. Kessler of the University of Michigan for his advice on statistical issues. We are also very grateful for comments from Frank M. Andrews of the University.of Michigan and Mariah Evans and Jonathan Kelley of Australian National University. Constructive comments from an anonymous SIR reader also led to significant revisions. 相似文献
583.
Alex C. Michalos P. Maurine Hatch Dawn Hemingway Loraine Lavallee Anne Hogan Bev Christensen 《Social indicators research》2007,84(2):127-158
Replicating a survey of 875 people 55 years old or more undertaken in September 1999 throughout the former Northern Interior
Health Region (NIHR) of British Columbia, in September 2005 a sample of 656 people completed a 22-page questionnaire. The
average age of the respondents was 68, with a range running from 55 to 96 years, and 64% were women. Responses to the SF-36
questionnaire indicated that for male respondents aged 55–64, the mean score for the 8 dimensions was 76.1. This mean was
a bit higher than the 74.4 mean of 1999. For male respondents aged 65 and older the mean was 69.0, which was also higher than
the 68.3 mean of 1999. For females aged 55–64, the mean score for 8 dimensions was 73.1, versus 73.0 in 1999. For female respondents
aged 65 and older, the mean score was 67.0, versus 65.4 in 1999. Based on these mean scores for the 8 dimensions, then, it
is fair to say that the overall health status of males and females aged 55 years and older in the region in 2005 was at least
as good as (i.e., the same as or better than) that in 1999. Comparing 28 average figures for the 2005 respondents on satisfaction
with specific domains of life (e.g., financial security, health, sense of meaning) and three global indicators (satisfaction
with life as a whole and with the overall quality of life, and happiness) with those of the 1999 respondents, we found that
the scores for the 2005 sample were at least as high as those of the other sample. Thus, it seems fair to say that the perceived
quality of life of older people in the former NIHR so far as it is revealed in domain and global satisfaction and happiness
scores, is at least as good as the perceived quality of life of a similar sample in 1999. Although a large majority perceived
increases in crime in the 2 year periods prior to both surveys, smaller percentages of the 2005 sample than of the 1999 sample
thought that crime had increased over the past two years, avoided going out at night, feared for their safety, had crime-related
worries, engaged in crime-related defensive behaviours and were actually the victims of any crimes. Therefore, it seems fair
to say that, so far as crime-related issues are concerned for the two samples of seniors responding to our surveys, there
is more evidence of improvement than of deterioration. Applying stepwise multiple regression, each of the eight dependent
variables was explained on the basis of four clusters of predictors separately and then a final regression was run using only
the statistically significant predictors from the four clusters. Broadly speaking, 7 SF-36 health status scales explained
from 28% to 45% of the variance in the 8 dependent variables, running from satisfaction with the overall quality of life (28%)
to the single item measure of general health (45%). The seven predictors in the Social Relations cluster explained from 7%
of the variance in the SF-36 General Health scale scores to 57% of the variance in the Life Satisfaction scores. The four
predictors in the Problems cluster explained from 10% of the variance in the SF-36 General Health scale scores to 24% of the
variance in the SWLS scores. The 11 predictors in the Domain Satisfaction cluster explained from 14% of the variance in the
SF-36 General Health scale scores to 64% of the variance in the SWB scores. Putting all the significant predictors together
for each dependent variable, in the weakest case, 4 of 11 potential predictors explained 33% of the variance in the SF-36
General Health scale scores and in the strongest case, 9 of 15 potential predictors explained 70% of the variance in Life
Satisfaction scores. Among other things, these results clearly show that respondents’ ideas about a generally healthy life
are different from, but not independent of, their ideas about a happy, satisfying or contented life, or about the perceived
quality of their lives or their subjective wellbeing. Finally, the 7 core discrepancy predictors of MDT plus incomes were
used to explain the eight dependent variables. From 13% of the variance in the SF-36 General Health scale scores to 57% of
the variance in SWLS scores was explained using those predictors. Based on an examination of the Total Effects scores for
the predictors of the 8 dependent variables, the most influential predictors were Self-Wants, followed by Self-Others and
then Self-Best. In other words, the most influential discrepancy predictors of respondents’ overall life assessments were
those between what respondents have versus what they want, followed by what they have versus what others of the same age and
sex have, and then by what they have versus the best they ever had in the past.
We would like to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for support of this research with funds
granted to Alex C. Michalos through the Gold Medal Award in 2004. 相似文献
584.
Christopher J. Boyce Alex M. Wood Nattavudh Powdthavee 《Social indicators research》2013,111(1):287-305
Personality is the strongest and most consistent cross-sectional predictor of high subjective well-being. Less predictive economic factors, such as higher income or improved job status, are often the focus of applied subjective well-being research due to a perception that they can change whereas personality cannot. As such there has been limited investigation into personality change and how such changes might bring about higher well-being. In a longitudinal analysis of 8625 individuals we examine Big Five personality measures at two time points to determine whether an individual’s personality changes and also the extent to which such changes in personality can predict changes in life satisfaction. We find that personality changes at least as much as economic factors and relates much more strongly to changes in life satisfaction. Our results therefore suggest that personality can change and that such change is important and meaningful. Our findings may help inform policy debate over how best to help individuals and nations improve their well-being. 相似文献
585.
Objective . Life–course researchers suggest that changes in local life circumstances explain changes in criminal activity in adulthood. Although the extent to which local life circumstances propel offenders toward/away from criminal behavior is a subject of considerable debate, the issue of race has largely been ignored. The objective in this research is to incorporate race into a life–course perspective that examines the influence of changes in life circumstances on changes in criminal activity. Methods . This objective is met by using longitudinal data on 524 parolees released from the California Youth Authority (CYA) who were followed for seven consecutive years after release. Results . The results suggest that changes in local life circumstances are related to changes in criminal activity, but do not eliminate the race/crime relationship for violence. At the same time, the effect of local life circumstances on criminal activity appears more similar than different across race, with the exception that common–law marriages are crime–generating among nonwhites as compared to whites. Conclusions . Because race continues to be associated with criminal activity over the life course, future research should increase efforts to better understand how race might condition life circumstances when influencing criminal activity. Implications of these findings for life–course theory are discussed. 相似文献
586.
It has been reported that the capability of adults with a learningdisability to choose their housing is too often impeded by theviews and actions of their family carers and involved professionals(McGlaughlin and Gorfin, with Saul, in press). This study furtherexplores these apparent barriers to providing genuine housingchoice for adults with learning disabilities. It discusses findingsfrom a series of focus groups which explored family and professionalviews about housing and choice. The views expressed indicatethat risk is a fundamental concern for both professionals andfamilies when considering more independent housing for thisgroup. Although opportunities for choice were generally supported,many argued for the need to assess the ability to make informeddecisions. There were also examples of problematic relationshipsbetween professionals and carers, creating a barrier to choice.Carers need involvement, information and support during thedevelopment of housing plans if the needs of the primary serviceusersare to be met. The barriers identified have to be removed ifservice-users are to truly become the focus of decisions andbe enabled to make genuine informed choices. 相似文献
587.
Sandra Escher Mervyn Morris Alex Buiks Philippe Delespaul Jim Van Os Marius Romme 《International Journal of Social Welfare》2004,13(3):208-222
Auditory hallucination, or hearing voices, is generally associated with psychopathology. In psychiatry it is inter-preted as a symptom of an illness, with no connection to the individual's life history. Voice hallucinations in childhood occur in a variety of contexts and have variable long-term outcomes. Little is known about the course of the experience. In this study, 80 children and youngsters hearing voices were interviewed on four occasions over a period of three years about the content of the voices and their overall experience of voices, focusing on the determinants for a promising outcome in the pathways through care. The results indicate that the need for care in the context of the experience of voices is associated not only with high levels of problem behaviour and associated negative symptoms of psychosis, but also, independently, with an appraisal of the voices in terms of anxiety, depression, dissociation and frequency of occurrence. In 60 per cent of the participants the voices disappeared during the three-year research period. The relationship between the disappearance of voices and the course of mental health treatment is, however, ambiguous. 相似文献
588.
Waters K Harris K Hall S Nazir N Waigandt A 《Journal of American college health : J of ACH》2006,55(3):133-139
Social smoking is a newly identified phenomenon in the young adult population that is poorly understood. We investigated differences in social smoking (smoking most commonly while partying or socializing) and other smoking within a convenience sample of college smokers (n = 351) from a large midwestern university. Results revealed that 70% of 351 current (past 30-day) smokers reported social smoking. No significant difference was found in motivation to quit between smoking groups. However, a significant difference was found between groups in confidence to quit, the number of days smoked, and the number of cigarettes smoked on those days. More social smokers than expected did not perceive themselves as smokers. Logistic regression analysis revealed that lower physical and psychological dependence and higher social support scores predicted social smoking. 相似文献