A general class of chain estimators for ratio and product of two means of a finite population

This paper proposes a class of estimators for estimating ratio and product of two means of a finite population using information on two auxiliary characters. Asymptotic expression to terms of order 0(n^-1) for bias and mean square error (MSE) of the proposed class of estimators are derived. Optimum conditions are obtained under which the proposed class of estimators has the minimum MSE. An empirical study is carried out to compare the performance of various estimators of ratio with the conventional estimators.     

Mating strategies of young women: role of physical attractiveness

The female physical attractiveness stereotype has been reported to contain both desirable (sociable, poised, interesting) and undesirable (snobbish, likely to request divorce and have extra-marital affairs) personal qualities. To investigate whether such an attractiveness stereotype is cross-cultural, I asked men and women from Azore Island, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, and the U.S. to judge the attractiveness of female figures differing in body weight and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and to rank these figures according to perceived personal attributes. There was a strong cross-cultural consensus for attractiveness; figures with low WHR were judged to be more attractive than figures with high WHR within each weight category. Participants also judged attractive figures as less faithful than less-attractive figures. To explore the basis of a possible 'darker side ' of the attractiveness stereotype, behavior tactics of young U.S. women were examined. Compared to women with high WHRs, low-WHR women reported engaging in more flirting to make dates jealous, suggesting some truth to the attractiveness stereotype. Taken together, these findings suggest that female attractiveness influences the type of mating strategies employed by women.     

The white revolution—How Amul brought milk to India

The most notable feature of a developing country is that it witnesses the birth of a number of organizations—organizations geared to meet the demands of, and opportunities presented by that development. Success of the development process, indeed, hinges on how well those new organizations grow and mature and serve the needs of the society at large. However, not all new organizations grow and mature. Some face an early decline. What distinguishes the organizations that survive and grow? This paper presents a framework that helps answer this question and illustrates it with the history of corporate strategy of a well-known co-operative in India.     

Time series analysis of out patients at Urban Health Centre, Suraj Kund, Meerut

Time series analysis of out-patients at Urban Health Centre, Suraj Kund, Meerut, was done using the out-patient attendance of last five years, with the aim to find out the values to help in coping up with the problem of health administration and management. The least square method and ratio-to-trend method were adopted for calculating the secular trend and seasonal variations respectively. There was an increasing trend in out-patients attendance indicating the increasing popularity of the Urban Health Centre. It was found that in second and third quarter of the year the out-patient attendance increased extraordinarily due to various reasons. The two more aspects of time series, i.e. cyclical trend and irregular flactuation could not be analysed due to their insignificant impact over the health management system.     

On some probability distributions for forward birth interval

Statisticians from Varanasi, India have proposed 2 mathematical models for forward birth interval which are more realistic than past models. For example, past models have assumed fecundability to be constant throughout a woman's reproductive life. On the other hand, the proposed models assume fecundability changes with parity. Further the statisticians use all types of marital durations making their models usable even for short marriage durations. The 1st model uses a parity specific model to develop a model for forward birth interval regarless of parity. The statisticians also include moments of the 1st and 2nd models as expressed for the rth order raw movement of these models to estimate some of their parameters. These models can be used to conduct prospective surveys of family planning programs since birth intervals can best evaluate the effect of these programs. These models have not yet been advanced enough to follow women over a fixed period, however. They only observe women until the last woman conceives. The statisticians do not apply the models to parity specific data because they were not available. Yet they do run the models with parities 0 and 1. The models reveal that the mean length of forward birth interval is strongly influenced by the conception rate which the woman has at the time of the survey. Thus, if women with a certain parity in a community begin an effective family planning method on the survey day, which in effect would reduce the prevailing conception rate, that method would significantly postpone the next live birth.     

Fertility, union status and partners in the WFS Guyana and Jamaica Surveys, 1975-1976

Abstract In this paper differences in the level of fertility are examined according to women's union status and their number mf partners. A number of approaches are used to analyse these relationships: differentials by current union status, the pattern of union history, and a measure of the sum synthetic composed of periods spent in each type of union, are discussed. The trend in these differentials is also analysed; using earlier surveys and census data forcomparison, we find that union status differentials have changed noticeably since the 1950s. Fertility differentials by number of partners (or the second measure proposed - number of dissolutioom) are also analysed. The data suggest that the long-existing interrelationship between union history and number of partners has now resulted in changing union status differentials within the new context of increasing use of contraception.     

Strategic Responses by European Companies to the Diversity Challenge: an Online Comparison

Diversity management is a rethinking and reframing of equality management. It has particular significance in Europe with its increasingly diverse populations, homogenous leaders and aging workforce. Corporate websites are often the first point of call for prospective recruits, partners and investors, and they often contain ‘diversity statements’. This study investigates the web-based promotion of ‘diversity’ by 241 leading companies in eight European countries. This paper focuses particularly on the drivers and stages of diversity management and finds large differences across Europe. It identifies drivers for diversity management as better performance, enhancing corporate reputation and meeting stakeholder needs. The authors also found six stages of diversity management implementation and discuss their implications for human resource management.     

Alcohol education provided to opioid treatment program patients: results of a nationwide survey

Alcohol-related problems are especially common among opioid treatment program (OTP) patients, suggesting that educating OTP patients about alcohol and its harmful effects needs to be a priority in OTPs. Using data collected in interviews with a nationwide U.S. sample of OTP directors (N = 200) in 25 states, we identified factors that differentiate OTPs that provided this education to all OTP patients from those that did not. Findings indicate that these factors include (1) providing this education in a greater variety of ways, (2) having a larger percent of staff knowledgeable about alcohol-related issues, (3) having a director who views alcohol issues as a high priority, and (4) having a written OTP policy.