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141.
Corporate social responsibility and conflicts of interest in the alcohol and gambling industries: a post‐political discourse? 下载免费PDF全文
The corporate pursuit of social goals – known as Corporate Social Responsibility or ‘CSR’ – has been subject to critique on a number of grounds. However, a hitherto underexplored potential consequence of CSR has been suggested in a recent paper by C. Garsten and K. Jacobsson (‘Post‐Political Regulation: Soft Power and Post‐political Visions in Global Governance’ (2013), Critical Sociology 39: 421–37). They suggest that CSR is part of an international trend towards ‘post‐political’ governance discourses, where an emphasis on different actors’ common goals obscures conflicts of interest, subverting the open political conflict necessary for a well‐functioning democracy. This paper examines whether such post‐political discourses – including an outright denial of conflict of interest – can be found within the alcohol and gambling industries, where conflicts of interest are likely to be particularly acute given the addictive nature of the goods/services in question. Based on interviews with CSR professionals in these industries in Italy, the UK, and at EU‐level, we do indeed find evidence of a post‐political discourse. In these discourses, alcohol/gambling industry staff deny potential conflicts of interest on the basis that any small benefits from sales to a small number of addicts are seen to be outweighed by the reputational damage that addicts cause. Crucially, however, this coexists with another, less post‐political discourse, where addictions CSR professionals emphasize ‘common ground’ as a basis for CSR, while accepting some instances of possible conflict of interest. Here interviewees make considerable efforts to differentiate good (sustainable) from bad (short‐term) self‐interest in order to stress the genuineness of their own actions. We conclude the paper by considering whether CSR embedded within a ‘common ground’ discourse still hides conflicts of interests and subverts democratic debate, or overcomes the problems identified by Garsten and Jacobsson. 相似文献
142.
Ben Williamson 《Information, Communication & Society》2017,20(1):81-99
ABSTRACTThis article examines IBM’s ‘Smarter Education’ program, part of its wider ‘Smarter Cities’ agenda, focusing specifically on its learning analytics applications (based on machine learning algorithms) and cognitive computing developments for education (which take inspiration from neuroscience for the design of brain-like neural networks algorithms and neurocomputational devices). The article conceptualizes the relationship between learning algorithms, neuroscience, and the new learning spaces of the city by combining the notion of programmable ‘code/space’ with ideas about the ‘social life of the brain’ to suggest that new kinds of ‘brain/code/spaces’ are being developed where the environment itself is imagined to possess brain-like functions of learning and ‘human qualities’ of cognition performed by algorithmic processes. IBM’s ambitions for education constitute a sociotechnical imaginary of a ‘cognitive classroom’ where the practices associated with data analytics and cognitive computing in the smart city are being translated into the neuropedagogic brain/code/spaces of the school, with significant consequences for how learners are to be addressed and acted upon. The IBM imaginary of Smarter Education is one significant instantiation of emerging smart cities that are to be governed by neurocomputational processes modelled on neuroscientific insights into the brain’s plasticity for learning, and part of a ‘neurofuture’ in-the-making where nonconscious algorithmic ‘computing brains’ embedded in urban space are intended to interact with human cognition and brain functioning. 相似文献
143.
Often in practice one is interested in the situation where the lifetime data are censored. Censorship is a common phenomenon frequently encountered when analyzing lifetime data due to time constraints. In this paper, the flexible Weibull distribution proposed in Bebbington et al. [A flexible Weibull extension, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Safety 92 (2007), pp. 719–726] is studied using maximum likelihood technics based on three different algorithms: Newton Raphson, Levenberg Marquardt and Trust Region reflective. The proposed parameter estimation method is introduced and proved to work from theoretical and practical point of view. On one hand, we apply a maximum likelihood estimation method using complete simulated and real data. On the other hand, we study for the first time the model using simulated and real data for type I censored samples. The estimation results are approved by a statistical test. 相似文献
144.
在高频金融数据研究中,估计金融资产价格序列积分波动率时,往往需要考虑市场微观结构噪声与资产价格跳跃的影响.本文将市场微观结构噪声部分地表示成交易信息的参数函数,并结合资产收益序列的跳跃特征,提出资产收益的高斯混合模型.本文利用EM算法进行噪声参数估计的同时,识别资产价格的跳跃,进而提出一种新的积分波动率的估计量.本文提出的方法可以视为Li等(2016)的改进,并在模拟研究中,得到了比Li等(2016)更好的参数估计效果,且即使在跳跃幅度分布误设的情况下,也具有良好的识别跳跃的功能.在应用举例中,对比了本文方法与Lee和Mykland(2008)的跳跃发现方法,论证了本文的模型在识别跳跃方面的可靠性. 相似文献
145.
Cheng Zhiming Mishra Vinod Nielsen Ingrid Smyth Russell Wang Ben Zhe 《Social indicators research》2017,130(1):1-8
Partial order methodologies appear as advantageous tools to disclose evaluative trends and developments for time series as, e.g., the fragile states index (FSI). The present study focuses on the variations in the 12 individual indicators of the FSI over the years 2011–2015. The FSI includes in total 178 states and the present study analyzes both the full set of states and a subset comprising only the 28 European Union states. Clear trends are observed. Thus, on a global scale the primary importance of brain drain apparently is turned into group grievance whereas on the European scale the development discloses the increased problems associated with the increasing number of refugees and migrants as well as the declining economic situation in some states. Further the study discloses a series of so-called peculiar states, i.e., states where single indicators values are markedly higher or lower than expected when comparing to the “main stream” of indicator values for the states studied. In all cases the findings were substantiated and verified by available literature. 相似文献
146.
Soil-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide,methane and nitrous oxide in urban garden systems: impact of irrigation,fertiliser and mulch 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Stephen J. Livesley Ben J. Dougherty Alison J. Smith Damian Navaud Luke J. Wylie Stefan K. Arndt 《Urban Ecosystems》2010,13(3):273-293
Urban green spaces provide important ecosystem services, such as amenity, biodiversity, productivity, climate amelioration,
hydrological and biogeochemical cycling. Intensively managed urban gardens can sequester carbon through vegetation growth
and soil C increase, but may experience nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and reduced soil methane (CH4) uptake from irrigation and fertiliser use. Soil atmosphere exchange of N2O, CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) was measured in lawn and wood chip mulched garden areas in Melbourne, Australia in winter, spring and summer under various
water and fertiliser regimes. Gas exchange before and after lawn fertiliser application was measured continuously for three
weeks using an automated chamber system. Applying fertiliser led to a peak N2O emission of >60 μg N m−2 h−1, but overall only weekly irrigation (10 mm) significantly increased mean soil N2O emissions above that in other treatments. Under mulch, mean soil N2O emissions (14.0 μg N m−2 h−1) were significantly smaller than from irrigated lawn (27.9 μg N m−2 h−1), whereas mean soil CH4 uptake under mulch (−30.7 μg C m−2 h−1) was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than in any lawn treatment. Lawns were either a weak CH4 sink or source. Soil C density (0–25 cm) under mulch (12.5 kg C m−2) was greater that under lawn (8.0 kg C m−2). On a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) basis, soil N2O emissions offset the benefits of soil CH4 uptake. Mulched garden areas provide greatest C sequestration potential in soil and vegetation and the smallest non-CO2 emissions, as soil CH4 uptake offsets a large fraction of soil N2O emissions. Results of this study suggest that reducing the irrigation and fertiliser application to lawns can help mitigate
GHG emissions from urban garden systems, and increasing the area of mulched perennial garden beds can also provide net GHG
benefits; however, this needs to be tested in other garden systems with different soil types and environmental conditions. 相似文献
147.
Ben Hansen 《Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy》2008,29(3):169-174
Alistair Campbell is Research Editor for the ANZJFT. He is a Senior Lecturer in Clinical Psychology and Director of the Psychology Clinic at James Cook University in Townsville. He speaks provocatively with Ben Hansen about research and training in family therapy, about accountability to our clients, and about practice. 相似文献
148.
We presented infants (5, 6, 9, and 12 months old) with movies in which a female model turned toward and fixated 1 of 2 toys placed on a table. Infants' gaze was measured using a Tobii 1750 eye tracker. Six‐, 9‐, and 12‐month‐olds' first gaze shift from the model's face (after the model started turning) was directed to the attended toy. The 5‐month‐olds performed at random. Following this initial response, 5‐, 6‐, and 9‐month‐olds performed more gaze shifts to the attended target; 12‐month‐olds performed at random. Infants at all ages displayed longer looking times to the attended toy. We discuss a number of explanations for 5‐month‐olds' ability to follow a shift in overt attention by an adult after an initially random response, including the possibility that infants' initial gaze response strengthens the representation of the objects in the peripheral visual field. 相似文献
149.
Ben Rampton 《Journal of Sociolinguistics》2008,12(4):525-531
150.