中国法治发展道路与中国法治实践学派

中国有自己的法治发展道路,这条道路是在对中国几千年历史文化的传承中走出来的,是从对新中国成立以来特别是改革开放三十多年的法治实践的探索中走出来的。中国法治实践是中国法治理论最重要的源泉,中国法治发展道路必将催生中国法治实践学派。中国法治实践学派旨在从学术流派的角度对中国法治发展道路和中国法治理论进行理论概括和学术阐述。它以中国特色社会主义为指导思想,梳理中国法律发展历史,总结当代中国法治发展实践,在国际视野下开拓创新中国法治发展道路,为人类法治建设走出一条新的具有普遍意义的成功之路。     

Book review

Evidence‐based Policy: A Realist Perspective by Ray Pawson. Sage Publications, London. 2006. 208 p. NZ$98.99 (paperback). ISBN 1412910606.

The Handbook of Public Affairs edited by Phil Harris and Craig Fleisher. Sage Publications, London. 2005. 616 p. NZ$329.99 (hardback) ISBN 0761943935.

From Innocents to Agents: Children and Children's Rights in New Zealand by Michael Reid. Maxim Institute, Auckland. 2006. 279 p. NZ$39.90 (paperback). ISBN 0958265259.     

Depressed College Students and Tricyclic Antldepressant Therapy

Abstract

Charts of all outpatients (n = 267) seen during three consecutive months of 1977 by a university student mental health clinic were retrospectively reviewed for reports of depression. Over one-fourth of university students (n = 76) seen during this period were noted to present with significant symptoms and signs of depression. Charts of depressed patients were further analyzed for distribution by final diagnostic category, demographic data, and treatment outcome results. The majority of depressed patients were diagnosed as depressive neurosis while the second most common diagnosis was adjustment reaction. A significant proportion of patients with a final diagnosis of depressive neurosis had initially been diagnosed as adjustment reaction. Vegetative signs of depression were Infrequently noted In patients with adjustment reaction. These patients were usually treated with psychotherapy alone and showed symptomatic Improvement in one-half of cases. Vegetative signs, especially sleep disturbance, were noted in one-half of patients with depressive neurosis. These patients were often treated with tricyclic antidepressants plus psychotherapy, which resulted in significantly greater Improvement in both dysphoria and vegetative signs than treatment with psychotherapy only. Treatment outcomes for depressed patients thought to have concomitant character disorders were uniformly poor.

Thus, depressed college students In the present study represented several distinct diagnostic groups, of which patients with depressive neurosis showed optimal treatment outcomes following tricyclic antidepressant therapy.     

Racial/Ethnic Composition and Violence: Size‐of‐Place Variations in Percent Black and Percent Latino Effects on Violence Rates

According to racial invariance positions and mainstream sociological perspectives on race and crime, race differences in structural conditions should account for most if not all of the racial composition (or percent black) effect on aggregate‐level violence rates. However, prior research (mostly conducted prior to 1990) generally provides mixed or contrary evidence for this position, showing instead that greater concentrations of blacks are linked to increased violence even after accounting for racial differences in socioeconomic conditions. The current study uses recent data and a novel unit of analysis to go beyond extant research in two ways. First, we include percent Latino in our examination of the extent to which both racial and ethnic composition effects on violent crime rates are mediated by racial/ethnic disparities in socioeconomic disadvantage. Second, we test whether racial/ethnic composition effects are conditioned by size of place, through the use of census places as a uniquely varying unit of analysis. We find that both black and Latino composition effects are partly explained by controlling for structural conditions (especially structural disadvantage), but this characterizes smaller places much more than the largest, most urbanized places.     

Leaving Retirement: Age-Graded Relative Risks of Transitioning Back to Work or Dying

Demographic research has documented the age-graded risk of returning to work after a period of retirement; few studies, however, have disaggregated this risk into the different forms work takes in later life. Moreover, prior research has not explored the age-graded risk of re-retiring after reentry. This study uses the 1992–2008 Health and Retirement Study to first examine the age-graded and duration dependent risks of transitioning to full-time work, part-time work, and mortality from full retirement. Second, this study documents the age-graded duration of reemployment, and the age-graded risk of re-retiring. Results from multi-decrement life tables indicate reemployment both occurs more frequently and lasts longer than previously estimated. The gender differences in risk of reemployment are modest, although women are at greater risk of returning to part-time work, whereas men are at greater risk of returning to full-time work. Additionally, retirees from services-producing industries are at lower risk of transitioning to work, but greater risks of mortality, suggesting retirement is a less permanent feature in the life course of retirees from goods-producing industries. Finally, the results suggest Social Security benefit eligibility plays a part in reducing reentry at later ages.     

Individual and systemic/structural bias in child welfare decision making: Implications for children and families of color

The factors contributing to observed racial disproportionality and disparity in the child welfare system have been the subject of national discourse for decades. This qualitative study used focus groups to engage child welfare and collaborating system decision makers, community partners, and families in a subjective interpretive analysis of racial disproportionality and disparity that had been demonstrated by a previous quantitative analysis of Oregon's child welfare system. Thematic analysis yielded eleven themes from the participant focus groups, four of which clustered around individual and structural/systemic bias and are examined in this paper: visibility bias; cultural bias and insensitivity; personal influences on determination of minimally adequate care; and foster and adoptive parent recruitment and licensing practices. Participants offered recommendations to improve outcomes for children and families of color in light of these observations: increase awareness of bias, create checks and balances in decision-making, contract with and hire culturally and racially diverse professionals, and increase funding for training.     

Efficiency Measure from Dynamic Stochastic Production Frontier: Application to Tunisian Textile, Clothing, and Leather Industries

This paper adresses the measurement of technical efficiency of textile, clothing, and leather (TCL) industries in Tunisia through a panel data estimation of a dynamic translog production frontier. It provides a perspective on productivity and efficiency that should be instructive to a developing economy which will face substantial competitive pressure along the gradual economic liberalisation process. The importance of TCL industries in Tunisian manufacturing sector is a reason for obtaining more knowledge of productivity and efficiency for this key industry. Dynamic is introduced to reflect the production consequences of the adjustment costs, which are associated with changes in factor inputs. Estimation of a dynamic error components model is considered using the system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator suggested by Arellano and Bover (1995), Another look at the instrumental-variable estimation of error-components models, J. Econometrics68:29-51) and Blundell and Bond (Blundell, R., Bond, S. (1998a), Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. J. Econometrics87:115-143; Blundell, R., Bond, S. (1998b), GMM estimation with persistent panel data: an application to production functions, Paper presented at the Eighth International Conference on Panel Data, Goteborg University). Our study evaluates the sensitivity of the results, particularly of the efficiency measures, to different specifications. Firm-specific time-invariant technical efficiency is obtained using the Schmidt and Sickles (Schmidt, P., Sickles, R. C. (1984). Production frontiers and panel data. J. Bus. Econ. Stat.2:367-374) approach after estimating the dynamic frontier. We stress the importance of allowing for lags in adjustment of output to inputs and of controlling for time-invariant variables when estimating firm-specific efficiency. The results suggest that the system GMM estimation of the dynamic specification produces the most accurate parameter estimates and technical efficiency measure. Mean efficiency scores is of 68%. Policy implications of the results are outlined.     

基于特性分类的矿区可持续发展模式研究

我国地域辽阔 ,矿区类型较多 ,表现出多样性、复杂性和发展道路的差异性。本文首先对矿区可持续发展的定义和具体内容进行了探讨 ,接着从两个维度对矿区进行了分类 ,并在此基础上对矿区作出了复合分类 ,对它的组合特性进行了研究 ,对它的发展道路选择问题作出了探讨