The Strategic Role of Third‐Party Marketplaces in Retailing

Retailers are increasingly adopting a dual‐format model. In addition to acting as traditional merchants (buying and reselling goods), these retailers provide a platform for third‐party (3P) sellers to access and compete for the same customers. We investigate the strategic rationale for a retailer to introduce a 3P marketplace. Our analysis provides insights into the growing prevalence of 3P marketplaces. We show that by committing to having an active 3P marketplace, the retailer creates an “outside option” that improves its bargaining position in negotiations with the manufacturer. This can explain the increasing prevalence of such marketplaces. On the other hand, the manufacturer would prefer to eliminate the retailer's outside option and should seek to limit or prevent sales through 3P marketplaces. This is consistent with actions that several manufacturers have taken to limit such sales. Interestingly, if the manufacturer fails to eliminate sales of competing products through the 3P marketplace, then the best strategy for the manufacturer is to allow the retailer to dictate the terms of their contract. This is because a powerful retailer will rely less on its outside option in generating profit, and therefore it will increase the fees charged to 3P sellers and soften the competition between 3P sellers and the manufacturer. The decrease in competition will lead to an increase in the value of outside option of the manufacturer and improve its profit. Additionally, we find that the presence of a 3P marketplace benefits consumers, but this benefit diminishes as the retailer becomes more powerful.     

宪法财产权制度研究

财产权是公民的一项基本权利。财产权的宪法保护是现代法治国家的根本要求。从世界范围来看 ,财产权之宪法保障经历了从绝对到相对的演变。在我国 ,宪法财产权制度也有一个曲折发展的过程。随着全面建设小康社会目标的确立 ,我国财产权的宪法保护将进入一个崭新阶段。     

有机肥不同施用方式对白五花土增产培肥效果的研究

经连续四年定位试验，结果表明，在白五花土上施用有机肥，有明显的培肥增产效果，并随有机肥施用量的增加而增高。在有机肥源有限地区，采用两年为一个周期集中施用，对白五花土有很好的培肥增产效果。     

论宪法的渊源

本文从比较研究的角度，分析并论述了宪法学的基本范畴之一，宪法的渊源。作者通过宪法学理论和各国立宪例的实践，认为中国宪法渊源包括宪法典、宪法修正案、宪法性法律、宪法性文件、宪法惯例、宪法解释、条约和协议等七种。     

Participation in Bridging and Bonding Associations and Civic Attitudes: Evidence from Flanders

Current scientific research and recent policy initiatives reveal an intense interest in the effect of social capital on a broad range of socioeconomic outcomes both at the individual level (e.g., civic attitudes) and the societal level (e.g., democratic or economic performance). Despite persistent argumentation in this debate that voluntary associations are of crucial importance in this process, empirical research usually reveals but a weak relation between membership and democratic (or civic) attitudes. In this paper, we follow recent arguments that various types of associations may play different roles. Specifically, we empirically distinguish between bridging and bonding associations based on the socioeconomic diversity within an association. Using a dataset on association membership in Flanders, we find empirical support for the view that individuals’ values and attitudes indeed differ across members in (predominantly) bridging or bonding associations.

Community Heterogeneity: A Burden for the Creation of Social Capital?*

Objective. This study examines the relationship between community heterogeneity and social capital on the local government level. Method. We apply both OLS and interval regression techniques to objective macro data of 307 Flemish municipalities for the year 2000. Results. Our results show that, after controlling for various socioeconomic characteristics of the municipality, income inequality is not significantly correlated with the municipality's level of social capital. We do find a significant negative relation between social capital and the number of nationalities within a municipality. Yet, contrary to the prevailing argument in the literature, it is not the presence of people with a clearly different ethnic‐cultural background that drives this negative relation. Conclusions. In accordance with previous international findings, municipalities with large groups of differing nationalities among its citizenry are confronted with a lower level of social capital. Importantly, however, our findings emphasize the need to distinguish between different groups of nationalities and argue for explanations beyond “simple” ethnic‐cultural disparities.     

论全球化语境下行政行为的国际化扩张

行政行为的国际化扩张即原属于行政行为的某些要素呈现的域外扩张乃至在全球层次流行的状态。行政行为作为一个国内法概念,其国际化解读的逻辑前提是全球化下传统主权观之质疑及其发展。就当下来说,行政行为国际化主要有两种表现形态：国内行政行为的域外效力以及国际性规制行为的出现。面对行政行为的国际化扩张,中国必须有所作为,并采取相对应的行动。     

国际行政法之论——全球化与全球治理视野中的国际法治

国际行政法是针对跨国行政活动和国际治理中的国际行政合作关系作出的规制和调整,是在传统国际法体系中出现的一个新兴分支领域,其逻辑起点和理论根基是全球治理的提出。全球治理中善治标准的实现需要引入行政法等一系列工具,因而全球治理的提出与行政法有着与生俱来、不可分离的关联性,行政法构成全球治理的微观基础。全球治理的大部分内容可以作为行政行为来加以理解和分析,即规则制定、冲突利益间的行政裁决,以及其他形式规制性和行政性的决定和管理。目前,一个规范等级逐渐鲜明的"国际行政法"体系正在产生并逐步形成,中国应该积极参与到这一进程当中。     

《景德传灯录》成语研究

宋代法眼宗禅僧道原(元)编撰的<景德传灯录>一书,是研究近代汉语的宝贵资料,语言通俗易懂且简洁凝练,其中不乏成语典故,这对后世汉语词汇的丰富和发展产生了重大而深远的影响.<景德传灯录>中的成语,结构形式多样,语法功能丰富且含义相对稳定,从结构、意义变化等方面对这些成语进行深入地探讨和研究,对揭示汉语的发展变化具有重要的意义.