Subjective Well-Being in the European Union during the 90ies

Social Indicators Research -     

Decades of research on market entry modes: What do we really know about external antecedents of entry mode choice?

The choice of a mode of market entry is a critical component of the internationalization strategy, and numerous empirical studies have focused on this topic. Prior research, however, has provided mixed empirical evidence and thus, is difficult to interpret and review.This study examines the external antecedents of the choice of entry mode by meta-analyzing data from 72 independent primary studies. We focus on the decision between wholly owned subsidiaries and cooperative entry modes. For each variable, hypotheses about the theoretically expected direction of effect are posited and tested.We find a strong positive relationship between power distance as a cultural trait of the firm's home country and the propensity to establish a wholly owned subsidiary. On the other hand, we find a negative association between country risk, legal restrictions, market growth, and market size and the preference for wholly owned subsidiaries. We extensively discuss the implications of the meta-analytical results and investigate moderating effects of industry type and the time of the study. The relationship between income level of the host country and entry mode depends, to some degree, on the industry type. Service companies exhibit a negative relationship between income level and wholly owned subsidiaries, while manufacturing companies show a positive relationship.     

Finding your way into employment against all odds? Successful job search of refugees in Austria

Labour market entry poses enormous challenges for recently arrived refugees, ranging from language barriers, devaluation of human capital, unfamiliarity with customs of the job search process to outright discrimination. How can refugees overcome these challenges and quickly enter gainful employment? In this paper, we draw on interviews with 26 male and female refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran, conducted in 2017 and 2018, who came to Austria in 2015 and 2014 and who have successfully entered employment. We depict refugees’ own perspectives on and strategies for fast job entry and integration. Personal agency and a proactive approach of seeking and seizing opportunities are key for overcoming initial barriers and entering upon positive integration pathways. At the same time, refugees’ personal agency is essential for establishing social ties to the host society, which also play a crucial role in early labour market integration. Finally, institutions of the Austrian labour market (the ‘apprenticeship’-system) interact with refugees’ agency in most intricate ways, both setting up nearly insurmountable barriers but also providing specific opportunities for refugees.     

Computing Normal Form Perfect Equilibria for Extensive Two‐Person Games

This paper presents an algorithm for computing an equilibrium of an extensive two‐person game with perfect recall. The method is computationally efficient by virtue of using the sequence form, whose size is proportional to the size of the game tree. The equilibrium is traced on a piecewise linear path in the sequence form strategy space from an arbitrary starting vector. If the starting vector represents a pair of completely mixed strategies, then the equilibrium is normal form perfect. Computational experiments compare the sequence form and the reduced normal form, and show that only the sequence form is tractable for larger games.     

Verlustnutzung von Kapitalgesellschaften bei Umwandlungen – Eine ökonomische Vorteilhaftigkeitsanalyse

This paper investigates the potential utilization of tax loss carry-forwards in case of reorganizations of corporations from an economic point of view. Thereby, we analyze the tax impacts of indirect utilizations of tax loss carry-forwards by means of increasing assets’ book values as well as the tax impacts of the minimum taxation. The paper illustrates that the implementation of minimum taxation on transfer gains – which is reasonable at first glance – results in the following effects: Contrary to assumptions made in literature, the consequence of the regulation is that no reorganization can be utilized in order to avoid minimum taxation of current earnings in a profitable way. Surprisingly, for reorganizations due to other intentions it may be economically reasonable to let tax loss carry-forwards lapse at least partially. From an economic viewpoint this is in breach of the objective net principle.