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121.
John Ermisch Diego Gambetta Heather Laurie Thomas Siedler S. C. Noah Uhrig 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, (Statistics in Society)》2009,172(4):749-769
Summary. We measure trust and trustworthiness in British society with a newly designed experiment using real monetary rewards and a sample of the British population. The study also asks the typical survey question that aims to measure trust, showing that it does not predict 'trust' as measured in the experiment. Overall, about 40% of people were willing to trust a stranger in our experiment, and their trust was rewarded half of the time. Analysis of variation in the trust behaviour in our survey suggests that trusting is more likely if people are older, their financial situation is either 'comfortable' or 'difficult' compared with 'doing alright' or 'just getting by', they are a homeowner or they are divorced, separated or never married compared with those who are married or cohabiting. Trustworthiness also is more likely among subjects who are divorced or separated relative to those who are married or cohabiting, and less likely among subjects who perceive their financial situation as 'just getting by' or 'difficult'. We also analyse the effect of attitudes towards risks on trust. 相似文献
122.
This paper considers estimation and prediction in the Aalen additive hazards model in the case where the covariate vector
is high-dimensional such as gene expression measurements. Some form of dimension reduction of the covariate space is needed
to obtain useful statistical analyses. We study the partial least squares regression method. It turns out that it is naturally
adapted to this setting via the so-called Krylov sequence. The resulting PLS estimator is shown to be consistent provided
that the number of terms included is taken to be equal to the number of relevant components in the regression model. A standard
PLS algorithm can also be constructed, but it turns out that the resulting predictor can only be related to the original covariates
via time-dependent coefficients. The methods are applied to a breast cancer data set with gene expression recordings and to
the well known primary biliary cirrhosis clinical data. 相似文献
123.
For regression on state and transition probabilities in multi-state models Andersen et al. (Biometrika 90:15–27, 2003) propose
a technique based on jackknife pseudo-values. In this article we analyze the pseudo-values suggested for competing risks models
and prove some conjectures regarding their asymptotics (Klein and Andersen, Biometrics 61:223–229, 2005). The key is a second
order von Mises expansion of the Aalen-Johansen estimator which yields an appropriate representation of the pseudo-values.
The method is illustrated with data from a clinical study on total joint replacement. In the application we consider for comparison
the estimates obtained with the Fine and Gray approach (J Am Stat Assoc 94:496–509, 1999) and also time-dependent solutions
of pseudo-value regression equations. 相似文献
124.
Kevin J. A. Thomas 《Demography》2009,46(3):513-534
In this study, I examine disparities in schooling progress among children born to immigrant and U.S.-born blacks. I find that
in one- and two-parent families, children born to black immigrants are less likely to fall behind in school than those born
to U.S.-born blacks. In two-parent immigrant families, children born to two immigrant parents have a significant schooling
advantage over children born to one immigrant parent. While children born to two immigrant parents in the wealthiest black
immigrant families do better in the second generation than in the first, the reverse is observed among children in less wealthy
families. These findings contribute in two ways to our understanding of the assimilation processes of children born to black
immigrant parents. First, they show that there is a positive association between the number of immigrant parents in a family
and children’s schooling performance. Second, they suggest that disparities in the assimilation patterns of the children of
black immigrants are a likely product of the interaction between their parental characteristics and the socioeconomic circumstances
of their families. 相似文献
125.
126.
The study explores and distinguishes links between parental status (childless persons, parents with residential children,
and empty nest parents) and a range of psychological well-being outcomes in midlife and old age. Data are from the first wave
of the Norwegian Life Course, Ageing and Generation (NorLAG) study (n = 5,189). We separate outcomes into cognitive (life satisfaction and self-esteem) and affective (positive and negative affect,
depression, loneliness) components. Parental status has a net effect on cognitive well-being among women, as childless women
report significantly lower life satisfaction and self-esteem than both mothers with residential children and empty nest mothers.
However, motherhood is inconsequential for affective well-being. Among men, parental status is unrelated to any of the well-being
aspects. Parental status effects are not modified by age, marital status, and education. The results demonstrate the importance
of investigating the effect of parental status and other objective circumstances on a range of psychological well-being outcomes.
Furthermore, the results reviewed and presented indicate somewhat more positive effects of parenthood in the Nordic countries
than in the US, highlighting the role of social policies in shaping the impact of parental status on well-being. 相似文献
127.
The authors conducted an online survey of elementary teacher education programs within a large midwestern state to assess preservice teachers’ and teacher educators’ beliefs about and preparedness to teach financial literacy. Very few preservice teachers had meaningful experiences with personal finance in high school, college, or personal decision making. No teacher educators reported ever teaching financial literacy in their higher education roles. Only 13% of teacher educators and 25% of preservice teachers thought that it was very important to teach financial literacy in elementary education. Most teacher education faculty and preservice teachers reported that they were not well qualified to use state economics standards or the JumpStart standards for financial literacy. Preservice teachers were more confident in meeting financial literacy standards than teacher educators. Both preservice teachers and teacher educators expressed openness to collaborating with other faculty members, members of the financial service industry, and parents to teach financial literacy. Follow-up phone interviews affirmed that elementary preservice teachers and teacher educators value social studies education (and financial literacy) less than reading and mathematics education. Qualitative results also suggest that elementary preservice teachers and teacher educators would like more easily accessible resources for teaching financial literacy. 相似文献
128.
Researchers have found that when young people participate in discussions of controversial political issues, they often become more politically engaged and informed (Hess, 2009). Nonetheless, some educators avoid fostering such discussions because they can become heated and distract from academic learning (Hess, 2002). Presidential elections, including the highly publicized debates, provide substantial material for discussions of major national and international issues, but no published research has examined how educators can leverage these events to generate productive civic learning experiences. In this article, we analyze data collected in seven high school classrooms during the 2012 presidential election to examine the challenges and opportunities associated with generating substantive, dynamic discussions of presidential debates. Our findings indicate that students enjoyed learning about candidates' different perspectives and that certain strategies were especially helpful for fostering substantive discussions: (a) scaffolding students' preparation for discussion; (b) providing opportunities for students to address open-ended questions; (c) redirecting students' engagement in competitive, interpersonal dynamics to learning about public issues; and (d) countering students' partisan tendencies. We discuss implications for practice and research and present a conceptual framework for generating dynamic, substantive democratic discussions. 相似文献
129.
130.
Pablo Cabrera-Barona Thomas Blaschke Stefan Kienberger 《Social indicators research》2017,133(2):719-739
Accessibility and satisfaction related to healthcare services are conceived as multidimensional concepts. These concepts can be studied using objective and subjective measures. In this study, we created two indices: a composite healthcare accessibility index (CHCA) and a composite healthcare satisfaction index (CHCS). To calculate the CHCA index we used three indicators based on three components of multidimensional healthcare accessibility: availability, acceptability and accessibility. In the indicator based on the component of accessibility, we included an innovative perceived time-decay parameter. The three indicators of the CHCA index were weighted through the application of a principal components analysis. To calculate the CHCS index, we used three indicators: the waiting time after the patient arrives at the healthcare service, the quality of the healthcare, and the healthcare service supply. These three indicators making up the CHCA index were weighted by applying an analytical hierarchy process. Three kinds of regressions were subsequently applied in order to explain the CHCA and CHCS indices: namely the Linear Least Squares, Ordinal Logistic, and Random Forests regressions. In these regressions, we used different independent social and health-related variables. These variables represented the predisposing, enabling, and need factors of people´s behaviors related to healthcare. All the calculations were applied to a study area: the city of Quito, Ecuador. Results showed that there are health-related inequalities in regard to healthcare accessibility and healthcare satisfaction in our study area. We also identified specific social factors that explained the indices developed. The present work is a mixed-methods approach to evaluate multidimensional healthcare accessibility and healthcare satisfaction, incorporating a pluralistic perspective, as well as a multidisciplinary framework. The results obtained can also be considered as tools for healthcare and urban planners, for more integrative social analyses that can improve the quality of life in urban residents. 相似文献