试析汉武帝推行新经济政策的原因

对汉武帝推行的新经济政策,历来说法不一.文章从社会的深层背景与现实的直接需要,对这一政策推行的原因进行分析,认为该政策的推行主要基于四方面原因:(1)汉初商品经济发展带来的诸多社会问题;(2)治理"诸侯经济"的需要;(3)对匈奴用兵的巨额军费开支;(4)频年的自然灾害,治险救灾的巨额费用.这些政策在不同程度上解决了上述问题,有一定进步意义.     

Estimates of per Capita Fish Consumption in the U.S. Based on the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII)

This paper presents estimates of daily average per capita fish consumption by age and gender for the 48 conterminous states. The estimated consumption rates are reported for three fish habitats: freshwater/estuarine fish, marine fish, and all fish. The estimates were generated from the combined 1989, 1990, and 1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), a national food consumption survey conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Point and interval estimates of per capita fish consumption were generated from the empirical distribution of daily average per capita consumption. The point estimates include the mean, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles. Ninety percent confidence intervals are provided for the estimated mean and 90% bootstrap intervals are provided for percentile estimates. Information in a recipe file provided by USDA was used to calculate the amount of fish in recipes which contain fish. The estimated consumption rates are based on the weight of fish in its prepared or "as consumed" condition. The estimated mean consumption rate for all fish for the U.S. population of the 48 conterminous states was 15.65 grams/person/day (C.I.:14.67–16.63) of which 4.71 grams/person/day (C.I.:4.17–5.25) was freshwater/estuarine fish and 10.94 grams/person/day (C.I.: 10.14–11.73) was marine fish.     

MENTAL ILLNESS AND THE DEMAND FOR ALCOHOL, COCAINE, AND CIGARETTES

This article estimates the effect of mental illness on demand for addictive substances, allowing for structural endogeneity and simultaneity between mental illness and addictive consumption. Results show that individuals with a history of mental illness are 26% more likely to consume alcohol, 66% more likely to consume cocaine, and 89% more likely to consume cigarettes. This high-participation group is also price-responsive, although their price elasticities differ somewhat from those without mental illness. The results provide added justification for higher taxes and supply reduction activities. Furthermore, subsidizing the treatment of mental illness can reduce addictive consumption.(JEL I1 )     

基于混沌分析的人民币兑美元汇率行为研究

布雷顿森林体系解体后,汇率行为变得越来越复杂.传统汇率理论对于汇率实际变动情况解释能力不强,汇率混沌理论成为研究汇率行为的一个新的发展方向.利用混沌分析的系列方法,包括相空间重构技术、R/S分析方法、相关维与Lyapunov指数分析方法对人民币兑美元汇率行为进行研究.研究结果表明,人民币兑美元汇率具有趋势增强性,波动呈现集群性.同时,人民币兑美元汇率行为是一个混沌系统,具有对初始条件存在敏感依赖性的混沌特征,因此混沌分析只适合进行短期预测.     

浅谈普契尼歌剧《蝴蝶夫人》中巧巧桑人物的塑造

本文着重分析普契尼歌剧<蝴蝶夫人>中女主人公的两个唱段,分析包括节奏、速度、力度以及音高等的变化.通过分析可了解普契尼是如何运用这些音乐手段来塑造巧巧桑这一人物和她不同的情感,如:高兴、痛苦、绝望等.     

Bloomfield语言学直接成分分析法新探

从揭示自然语言(英语)内部数学关系的角度入手,探索拓展美国结构主义语言学家Bloomfield所提出的直接成分分析法(IC Analysis)。通过计算机数据结构二叉树性质与直接成分分析法树形图(IC二叉树)性质之间的类比,以及相关数学推理和公式的运用,建立了树形图中结点、层次(深度)与自然语言(英语)的语言单位、层次结构的对应关系。与原先的直接成分分析法相比,Bloomfield在以下两方面进行了拓展:对IC二叉树进行了分类;得出了涉及语言单位或成分(结点)和其分布的语言层次结构(树层)间的数学关系。拓展后的IC分析法在教学和计算机处理自然语言等方面的应用价值以及多元划分启示。     

航空动力装置两类典型起动故障分析

航空动力装置的起动是维护人员的一项经常性工作,能否开得动,对飞行器能否完成任务是至关重要的。本文对某航空动力装置在起动过程中常遇的故障进行分析,为排故人员判断该型发动机起动故障提供了理论依据,为机务人员实际排故提供了有价值的参考。     

刍议缓解大学生就业难的有效路径

就业乃民生之本及社会稳定的根基。大学生作为就业大军中的主体，既承栽着社会和家庭的希望，同时也很难回避这样的现实：就业困难。近年我国大学生就业困难问题越来越突出，其中有大学生自身的原因、社会原因，也有高校教育体制的原因，只有认真分析造成大学生就业困难问题的各方面因素，才能有针对性地解决大学生就业困难问题。本文通过分析大学生就业困难的成因，来探讨如何才能有效处理好大学生的就业问题。