The Decline of Barriers to Immigrant Economic and Political Rights in the American States: 1977–20011

State governments exercise significant powers to regulate the economic and social activities of resident aliens. We review the laws of the six leading states of immigrant settlement regulating access of noncitizens to 23 occupations, updating existing studies from 1946–77. Citizenship requirements for these occupations have plummeted, a change we attribute to federal court decisions, advisory opinions of state attorneys general, and state legislative and administrative action. There are numerous additional citizenship requirements in the statutes of the six states, although these appear to be poorly enforced. The authority of states to regulate their political communities is the most important remaining constitutionally valid basis of citizenship requirements. States define their political community broadly, leading to questionable exclusions of noncitizens from important activities.     

Valuation of childhood risk reduction: the importance of age, risk preferences, and perspective.

This article explores two problems analysts face in determining how to estimate values for children's health and safety risk reductions. The first addresses the question: Do willingness‐to‐pay estimates for health risk changes differ across children and adults and, if so, how? To answer this question, the article first examines the potential effects of age and risk preferences on willingness to pay. A summary of the literature reporting empirical evidence of differences between willingness to pay for adult health and safety risk reductions and willingness to pay for health and safety risk reductions in children is also provided. The second dimension of the problem is a more fundamental issue: Whose perspective is relevant when valuing children's health effects—society's, children's, adults‐as‐children, or parents'? Each perspective is considered, followed ultimately by the conclusion that adopting a parental perspective through an intrahousehold allocation model seems closest to meeting the needs of the estimation problem at hand. A policy example in which the choice of perspective affects the outcome of a regulatory benefit‐cost analysis rounds out the article and emphasizes the importance of perspective.     

创新素质培养与课外创新活动

创新已经成为当今时代的标志和潮流 ,高校作为国家知识创新和技术创新体系的基础 ,加强对大学生的创新素质培养 ,是当前高校的战略任务和重要使命。从创新意识、创新思维、创新技能和创新人格四个方面阐述了创新素质培养的内涵 ,认为课外创新活动是创新素质培养的重要补充 ;同时提出了课外创新活动的模式 ,突出了创新意识、创新实践和创新成果之间的良性循环 ,构建了大学生课外创新活动的支撑体系。     

数学教学中渗透创造性思维训练的尝试

通过对联想思维、求异思维、逆向思维、求通求变思维训练的分析,阐述了培养创造性思维的具体方法.     

分振幅薄膜干涉课件的制作

利用电脑对点光源和发光平面的薄膜干涉进行模拟 ,并将其制作成多媒体课件 ,使看上去很复杂的光路图变得简单、清晰 ,使教学具有良好的视觉效果 ,大大增强了课堂的容量     

R＆D经费投入的国际比较与借鉴

R&D经费投入是评价国家科技实力和科技发展水平的首选指标 ,长期以来已为世界各国和重要国际组织所普遍采用。本文主要针对我国R&D经费投入与国际间的比较 ,分析我国R&D投入所处的阶段及R&D投入方面存在的差距与困难 ,最后提出对策与建议     

论委托代理关系与会计控制权

会计控制权作为现代企业的一种权利安排，对代理关系机制和企业发展有重　要的影响。现代企业的会计控制权主要掌握在代理人一方，由于代理人与委托人之间在目标　利益上的不一致性，代理人可能利用对会计控制权的实际控制优势对会计信息进行盈余管理　甚至非法操纵，损害委托人的利益。因此，必须完善委托代理机制，加强对会计控制权的约　束和控制力度。     

Stress at work and psychological and immunological parameters in a group of Norwegian female bank employees

This study concerned the immunological correlates of stress and work. Self reported stress, emotional state, ego-strength, and defensiveness were examined in relation to measures of cellular immunity (T-cell response to Con A and number of T4 and T8 cells) and humoral immunity (concentrations of immunoglobulins and complement components in plasma) in a group of 96 Norwegian female bank employees. The analyses showed that workload, the stress factor with the highest group mean, was associated with number of T-cells, while strain due to body posture during work was related to concentrations of IgM and C3. Further, depression was significantly correlated with IgM concentration and T-cell number, and anxiety with C3 concentration. T-cell activity was the immunological parameter most consistently associated with psychological well-being, showing positive correlations with defensiveness and ego-strength and negative correlations with anxiety and depression. In conclusion, T-cell number and concentrations of IgM and C3 were sensitive to both work-related stress experience and emotional distress. Coping abilities, indicated by the MMPI Ego-strength scale and emotional distress, were reflected in T-cell activity; insufficient coping was associated with low T-cell activity.     

信誉主体及其产权基础

经济学视域中的信誉是坚持诚实交易、信守合约所获得的声誉。经济学所分析的信誉主体是指那些诚实交易、信守合约的个人和组织。从现实社会看,经济学的信誉主体仅仅是市场主体之一部分。由市场主体必须是产权主体的命题,可以逻辑地推导出信誉主体必须是产权主体的命题。产权是信誉主体确立的基础,原因在于第一,置信的承诺显然与主体履约能力的大小密切相关;第二,交易性互动必须建立在交易各方的产权基础之上;第三,有恒产者追求的已不再是短期利益的最大化,而是长期利益的最大化,如果失信将面临巨大的风险。