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751.
This paper combines social choice theory with mathematical optimization by applying various group decision concepts to a classical
problem of combinatorial optimization, namely the famous traveling salesperson (salesman) problem. The aim of the latter is
to find a tour through all vertices of a given graph along edges of minimal total cost. In this contribution we replace the
measure of additive edge costs by the social acceptance of different edges and the resulting tours. In particular, for four
different voting rules, the Borda rule, Approval voting, Plurality rule and Simple Majority rule, we will investigate the
social acceptance of tours derived from global and local decisions. It will be shown that these two decision approaches can
lead to widely varying results. 相似文献
752.
Olivier Cappé Christian P. Robert Tobias Rydén 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》2003,65(3):679-700
Summary. Reversible jump methods are the most commonly used Markov chain Monte Carlo tool for exploring variable dimension statistical models. Recently, however, an alternative approach based on birth-and-death processes has been proposed by Stephens for mixtures of distributions. We show that the birth-and-death setting can be generalized to include other types of continuous time jumps like split-and-combine moves in the spirit of Richardson and Green. We illustrate these extensions both for mixtures of distributions and for hidden Markov models. We demonstrate the strong similarity of reversible jump and continuous time methodologies by showing that, on appropriate rescaling of time, the reversible jump chain converges to a limiting continuous time birth-and-death process. A numerical comparison in the setting of mixtures of distributions highlights this similarity. 相似文献
753.
The social shaping of technology (SST) approach to analysing technological development lends itself to an understanding of the relatively negotiated, heterogeneous, and local character of technologies, politicising the mediated nature of sociotechnical change. Here, conditions of actor engagement lie at the heart of analysing technology in social context—that is, the occasions, strategies, and scope of influence that are afforded different actors, by way of how particular problems come to be defined and resolved. In this paper we examine the framing of a number of concrete technology assessments (TAs) from Denmark, from the realms of general TA and health technology assessment (HTA). Our examination of the TA initiatives is directed towards the relatively open-ended and consequently explorative and qualitative stance that SST takes in characterising the boundaries between the technical and the social. The paper goes on to discuss a possible place of ethical inquiry in TA, based on the understanding of technological development that SST affords. In the reflexive approach to addressing technology’s relation to society, technology no longer maintains a universally reducible character in time or in social space. Through the possibility of analytically and practically opening up for otherwise seemingly locked actor-positions SST gives room for a more differentiated questioning and treatment of ethical issues in which technology may be implicated. 相似文献
754.
Smyth Jolene D.; Dillman Don A.; Christian Leah Melani; Stern Michael J. 《Public opinion quarterly》2006,70(1):66-77
For survey researchers, it is common practice to use the check-allquestion format in Web and mail surveys but to convert to theforced-choice question format in telephone surveys. The assumptionunderlying this practice is that respondents will answer thetwo formats similarly. In this research note we report resultsfrom 16 experimental comparisons in two Web surveys and a papersurvey conducted in 2002 and 2003 that test whether the check-alland forced-choice formats produce similar results. In all 16comparisons, we find that the two question formats do not performsimilarly; respondents endorse more options and take longerto answer in the forced-choice format than in the check-allformat. These findings suggest that the forced-choice questionformat encourages deeper processing of response options and,as such, is preferable to the check-all format, which may encouragea weak satisficing response strategy. Additional analyses showthat neither acquiescence bias nor item nonresponse seem topose substantial problems for use of the forced-choice questionformat in Web surveys. 相似文献
755.
This paper explores the organisation of social interaction amongst participants ‘in’ Virtual Reality. Despite the wide‐ranging sociological interest in ‘virtual’ technologies, there is rather little detailed sociological investigation of user experiences of the virtual technology par excellence, namely multi‐user Virtual Reality. Interestingly the discourses that underpin discussions of more mundane virtual technologies (eg email, the Web, mobile phones, etc.) tend to draw on design visions for Virtual Reality, such as the opportunities for social life freed from the constraints of the physical body. This paper contributes to a growing number of empirical studies that provide a critique of this view, but maybe more importantly, provides a detailed analysis of action and interaction in virtual worlds. It considers the organisation of interaction within VR with particular emphasis on the ways in which visual features of the digital domain are seen and shared by participants. The paper describes the ways in which the abilities to share views on the virtual world requires participants to overcome problems associated with the very material character of the VR interfaces. The study is based on the analysis of recordings of a Virtual Reality system that enables participants to talk to one another and see one another's actions within a virtual environment. 相似文献
756.
Character Counts?: Honesty and Fairness in Election 2000 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article examines the impact that voters evaluationsof the candidates character had on their vote choicein the 2000 presidential election. We find that while the magnitudeof the impact of character on the vote was roughly equal forboth major party candidates, contrary to common perception,the substantive significance of character evaluations disproportionatelyaffected George W. Bush. Our results indicate the need to accountfor the influence of character in other elections, given thatcharacter issues are a recurring theme in American presidentialcampaigns. 相似文献
757.
Summary: In this paper the seasonal unit root test of Hylleberg et al. (1990) is generalized to cover a heterogenous panel. The procedure follows the work of Im, Pesaran and Shin (2002) and is
independently proposed by Otero et al. (2004). Test statistics are given and critical values are obtained by simulation. Moreover, the properties of the tests are
analyzed for different deterministic and dynamic specifications. Evidence is presented that for a small time series dimension
the power is low even for increasing cross section dimension. Therefore, it seems necessary to have a higher time series dimension
than cross section dimension. The test is applied to unemployment data in industrialized countries. In some cases seasonal
unit roots are detected. However, the null hypotheses of panel seasonal unit roots are rejected. The null hypothesis of a
unit root at the zero frequency is not rejected, thereby supporting the presence of hysteresis effects.
* The research of this paper was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The paper was presented at the workshop
“Unit roots and cointegration in panel data” in Frankfurt, October 2004 and in the poster-session at the EC2 meeting in Marseille,
December 2004. We are grateful to the participants of the workshops and an anonymous referee for their helpful comments. 相似文献
758.
Did NAFTA cause a “giant sucking sound”? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) passed Congress amidst con-tentious debate in 1993. Detractors argued that
it would produce an exodus of jobs while proponents argued that it would create jobs. We examine the economic effects of NAFTA.
The evidence indicates that while the employment effects have been small, NAFTA has caused an explosion of trade. This increase
in exports and imports has mul-tiplied gains from trade. In addition NAFTA helped Mexico recover quickly from the 1994-1995
peso crisis and provided a political anchor for Mexico's attempts to pri-vatize, deregulate, and liberalize. The resulting
growth and stability in Mexico have benefitted the U.S., which shares a 2,000 mile border with Mexico. 相似文献
759.
760.
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