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51.
Christian Dormann Mikaela Owen Maureen Dollard Christina Guthier 《Work and stress》2018,32(3):248-261
Longitudinal studies are the gold standard of empirical work and stress research whenever experiments are not plausible. Frequently, scales are used to assess risk factors and their consequences, and cross-lagged effects are estimated to determine possible risks. Methods to translate cross-lagged effects into risk ratios to facilitate risk assessment do not yet exist, which creates a divide between psychological and epidemiological work stress research. The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate how cross-lagged effects can be used to assess the risk ratio of different levels of psychosocial safety climate (PSC) in organisations, an important psychosocial risk for the development of depression. We used available longitudinal evidence from the Australian Workplace Barometer (N?=?1905) to estimate cross-lagged effects of PSC on depression. We applied continuous time modelling to obtain time-scalable cross effects. These were further investigated in a 4-year Monte Carlo simulation, which translated them into 4-year incident rates. Incident rates were determined by relying on clinically relevant 2-year periods of depression. We suggest a critical value of PSC?=?26 (corresponding to ?1.4 SD), which is indicative of more than 100% increased incidents of persistent depressive disorder in 4-year periods compared to average levels of PSC across 4 years. 相似文献
52.
This article reviews the main insights from selected literature on risk perception, particularly in connection with natural hazards. It includes numerous case studies on perception and social behavior dealing with floods, droughts, earthquakes, volcano eruptions, wild fires, and landslides. The review reveals that personal experience of a natural hazard and trust—or lack of trust—in authorities and experts have the most substantial impact on risk perception. Cultural and individual factors such as media coverage, age, gender, education, income, social status, and others do not play such an important role but act as mediators or amplifiers of the main causal connections between experience, trust, perception, and preparedness to take protective actions. When analyzing the factors of experience and trust on risk perception and on the likeliness of individuals to take preparedness action, the review found that a risk perception paradox exists in that it is assumed that high risk perception will lead to personal preparedness and, in the next step, to risk mitigation behavior. However, this is not necessarily true. In fact, the opposite can occur if individuals with high risk perception still choose not to personally prepare themselves in the face of a natural hazard. Therefore, based on the results of the review, this article offers three explanations suggesting why this paradox might occur. These findings have implications for future risk governance and communication as well as for the willingness of individuals to invest in risk preparedness or risk mitigation actions. 相似文献
53.
One of the basic functions of an MRP system is to issue rescheduling messages that urge the planner tospeed up or slow down open orders. It seems in practice that these messages are not used at all by planners. This is mostly due to the inaccuracy of MRP, that more or less ignores safety time, safety stocks and lotsize flexibility in the calculation of reschedule-in messages. Reschedule-out messages are usually ignored because planners do not see the value of the message. Other reasons for not adhering to rescheduling messages are a lack of maintenance of MRP parameters or simply the wrong use of the MRP function. In the future, MRP rescheduling functionality will be used even less than today, due to the changing role of MRP within the planning framework. With the uprise of finite capacity scheduling packages, MRP is being pushed one level upward in the planning hierarchy. This means that rescheduling functionalities for the short term will become completely obsolete in MRP systems. 相似文献
54.
This paper presents a review of empirical research on the impact of acquisitions on firm performance. The evidence suggests that, in the short run, acquisitions have at best an insignificant impact on shareholder wealth. Long‐run performance analysis reveals overwhelmingly negative returns, while the evidence using accounting performance measures is mixed. The review also examines the impact of bid characteristics on performance. The acquisition of hostile targets, transactions that are paid for with cash and acquisitions of larger targets are associated with superior (or at least less negative) performance, while there is mixed evidence on the benefits of related acquisitions. A number of recent studies find that acquirers with superior pre‐bid performance tend to experience significant underperformance in the post‐bid period. 相似文献
55.
Dr. Gerald Eisenkopf Prof. Dr. Christian Lukas 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2010,80(7-8):821-839
The paper analyzes different selection policies in education and business. We show that incorrect self-perceptions combined with imperfect performance measurement may cause significant welfare losses in selective educational systems, in particular if selection starts too early. Of course, these welfare losses can be mitigated by an investment in better ability assessment. However, an affirmative action policy could serve the same purpose as such an investment. We apply our analysis also to diversity management in firms. Based on positive discrimination we establish an efficiency argument for diversity management. 相似文献
56.
Judgment aggregation without full rationality 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Several recent results on the aggregation of judgments over logically connected propositions show that, under certain conditions,
dictatorships are the only propositionwise aggregation functions generating fully rational (i.e., complete and consistent)
collective judgments. A frequently mentioned route to avoid dictatorships is to allow incomplete collective judgments. We
show that this route does not lead very far: we obtain oligarchies rather than dictatorships if instead of full rationality
we merely require that collective judgments be deductively closed, arguably a minimal condition of rationality, compatible
even with empty judgment sets. We derive several characterizations of oligarchies and provide illustrative applications to
Arrowian preference aggregation and Kasher and Rubinstein’s group identification problem.
This paper was circulated in August 2006 and presented at the Yale workshop on Aggregation of Opinions, September 2006, at
the Centre interuniversitaire de rechere en économie quantitative, Montreal, October 2006, and at the 1st International Workshop
on Computational Social Choice, Amsterdam, December 2006. We are grateful to the participants at these occasions and the anonymous
referees for comments. We also thank Ton Storcken for discussion. Elad Dokow and Ron Holzman have independently proved closely
related results, which were also presented at the Yale workshop in September 2006, and circulated in the December 2006 paper
(Dokow and Holzman 2006). 相似文献
57.
58.
Barry T. Hirsch 《Journal of Labor Research》2004,25(2):233-266
I examine evidence on private sector union wage gaps in the United States. The consensus opinion among labor economists of
an average union premium of roughly 15 percent is called into question. Two forms of measurement error bias downward standard
wage gap estimates. Match bias results from Census earnings imputation procedures that do not include union status as a match
criterion. Downward bias is roughly equal to the proportion of workers with imputed earnings, currently about 30 percent.
Misclassification of union status causes additional attenuation in union gap measures. This bias has worsened as private sector
density has declined, since an increasing proportion of workers designated as union are instead nonunion workers. Corrections
for misclassification and match bias lead to estimated union gaps substantially higher than standard estimates, but with less
of a downward trend since the mid 1980s. Private sector union gaps corrected for these biases are estimated from the CPS for
1973–2001. The uncorrected estimate for 2001 is .13 log points. Correction for match bias increases the gap to .18 log points;
further correction for misclassification bias, based on an assumed 2 percent error rate, increases the gap to .24. Reexamination
of the skill-upgrading hypothesis leads to the conclusion that higher union gap estimates are plausible. The conventional
wisdom of a 15 percent union wage premium warrants reexamination. 相似文献
59.
Andrej Christian Lindholst 《Planning Practice and Research》2015,30(4):376-392
Although the term ‘quality’ has a universal positive connotation and typically is framed by a focus on improvements, its application includes as well as excludes the access, values and world views of particular actors and interests. In this article, we highlight the relevance and implications of such ‘inherent politics’ through a case study of a widespread approach to operationalizing quality in urban green space management. We conclude that adoption of any quality model has both limiting and enabling implications for public participation and decision-making and that a critical stance is needed within both research and practice for the development of quality models that connect to values of broader societal relevance. 相似文献