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191.
The Effects of Precautionary Messages about Electromagnetic Fields from Mobile Phones and Base Stations Revisited: The Role of Recipient Characteristics 下载免费PDF全文
Precautionary messages have been shown to increase recipients’ threat perceptions about radio‐frequency electromagnetic fields (RF‐EMFs) emitted by mobile phones and mobile phone base stations. The current study explored the interplay of variables on the side of message recipients with this effect. The individual difference variables of interest were gender, trait anxiety, personal need for structure, and personal fear of invalidity. Furthermore, the study determined whether the increased threat perception is accompanied by emotional distress. A total of 298 university students answered a survey after reading either a basic text about RF‐EMFs or a text including precautionary information. Linear multiple regression with interactions analyses showed that the effect of precautionary messages differed for people with different levels of trait anxiety. How trait anxiety was related to the effect of precautionary messages in turn depended on participants’ gender. Personal need for structure and personal fear of invalidity were mostly unrelated to the effect of precautionary messages. Regarding participants’ emotional distress, we found no difference in state anxiety scores between those participants who received precautionary information and those who did not. The findings show that the effects of precautionary messages on threat perception depend on individual difference variables such as recipients’ trait anxiety and gender. Also, the fact that precautionary communication did not result in heightened state anxiety challenges the assumption that precautionary messages induce fear or anxiety. 相似文献
192.
Laith Alattar J. Frank Yates David W. Eby David J. LeBlanc Lisa J. Molnar 《Risk analysis》2016,36(1):83-97
This article has two aims. The first is to present results that partly explain why some automobile drivers choose to use their seatbelts only part time, thereby exposing themselves to unnecessary risk. The second is to offer and illustrate the “cardinal decision issue perspective”(1) as a tool for guiding research and development efforts that focus on complex real‐life decision behaviors that can entail wide varieties of risk, including but not limited to inconsistent seatbelt use. Each of 24 young male participants drove an instrumented vehicle equipped to record continuously seatbelt use as well as other driving data. After all trips were finished, each participant completed an interview designed to reconstruct how he made randomly selected seatbelt‐use decisions under specified conditions. The interview also examined whether and how drivers established “decision policies” regarding seatbelt use. Such policies were good predictors of inconsistent seatbelt use. Drivers who had previously adopted policies calling for consistent seatbelt use were significantly more likely than others to actually drive belted. Meta‐decisions about seatbelt policy adoption appeared to rest on factors such as whether the driver had ever been asked to consider selecting a policy. Whether a driver made an ad hoc, on‐the‐spot seatbelt‐use decision was associated with a perceived need to make such a decision. Finally, participants with full‐time policies were especially likely to deploy their seatbelts by default, without recognizing the need to decide about belt use on a trip‐by‐trip basis. We end with recommendations for reducing inconsistencies in seatbelt use in actual practice. 相似文献
193.
The market for the leading German equity index DAX comprises electronically traded futures contracts, fully replicated and
swap-based exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and certificates. This paper reveals that DAX futures contracts contribute an economically
and statistically significant proportion to contemporaneous price quotes of ETFs and certificates. This finding is surprising
because the prospectus of ETFs and certificates claim to follow the stock index solely, but not the index futures contract.
Exploring further the short-run dynamics, our results suggest that fully replicated ETFs cope better with adjusting their
prices to the DAX index than swap-based ETFs and certificates. 相似文献
194.
Christoph Görg 《Poiesis & praxis》2004,3(1-2):22-36
The term biodiversity is constituted as an object of scientific investigations through complex social and, in particular, socio-economic processes. Taking all these processes together we can speak of the global regulation of biodiversity. Conversely, analysing this social construction of nature is at risk of ignoring the material properties of biodiversity. To grasp both aspects, the social construction of biodiversity as well as the elements non-identical to this social construction, the term “societal relationships with nature” from the so called “Frankfurt School of critical theory” is introduced. Starting from this approach, the perspectives of natural and social sciences are not really complementary. The thesis first involves an analysis of the different processes in which biodiversity is generated and presented as an object of social purposes and scientific investigations. Starting from the scientific problems emerging from the introduction of the new term we can come to a better understanding of how scientific research is connected with tendencies of the global society as a whole. Therefore problems of interdisciplinary research are interpreted as elements of the conflicts regarding the shaping of the societal relationships with nature in social reality. 相似文献
195.
Whereas indirect euthanasia is a common clinical practice, active euthanasia remains forbidden in most countries. The reason
for this differentiation is usually seen in the principle of double-effect (PDE). PDE states that there is a morally relevant
difference between the intended consequences of an action and merely foreseen, unintended side-effects. This article discloses
the fundamental assumptions presenting the basis for this application of the PDE and examines whether these assumptions are
compatible with the PDE. It is shown that neither a liberal nor a utilitarian point of view makes the utilization of the PDE
possible. In accordance with philosophical tradition, only within the doctrine of the sanctity of life does the PDE seem to
be applicable. By analysing the premises of this doctrine, and comparing them with those of the PDE, the inconsistency of
this idea is demonstrated. It is suggested that the role of the PDE in the current discussion on euthanasia is largely exaggerated.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
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198.
Carmen M. Reinhart Christoph Trebesch 《Journal of the European Economic Association》2016,14(1):215-251
This paper studies sovereign debt relief in a long‐term perspective. We quantify the relief achieved through default and restructuring in two distinct samples: 1920–1939, focusing on the defaults on official (government to government) debt in advanced economies after World War I; and 1978–2010, focusing on emerging market debt crises with private external creditors. Debt relief was substantial in both eras, averaging 21% of GDP in the 1930s and 16% of GDP in recent decades. We then analyze the aftermath of debt relief and conduct a difference‐in‐differences analysis around the synchronous war debt defaults of 1934 and the Baker and Brady initiatives of the 1980s/1990s. The economic landscape of debtor countries improves significantly after debt relief operations, but only if these involve debt write‐offs. Softer forms of debt relief, such as maturity extensions and interest rate reductions, are not generally followed by higher economic growth or improved credit ratings. (JEL: E6, F3, N0, H6) 相似文献
199.
200.
Katharina Meyer Christian Stolz Christoph Rott Kurt Laederach-Hofmann 《European review of aging and physical activity》2009,6(1):7-17
In this systematic review the validity of the dose–response relationships between physical activity (PA) and energy expenditure
(EE) on defined health outcomes (cardio- and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality, cancer) for the elderly is questioned.
Medline, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases were reviewed for epidemiological longitudinal studies in populations aged 60+ for
the years 1985–2007. Although most of the 18 identified studies generally demonstrated an inverse dose–response relationship
between PA and EE level with morbidity and mortality, the range of dose–responses was remarkably broad. The nature of the
dose–response relationship remained unclear. PA questionnaires - even those constructed for the elderly - do not cover the
extremely diverse aspects of age-specific PA behavior and modes of muscular activity. Only non-age-specific tables had been
used to estimate the EE in the elderly. Direct measurements of EE were limited. The results have implications for the interpretation
of the dose–response relationships between PA and EE on defined health outcomes in old age. 相似文献