Prisoner Citizen: Carl Upchurch,Labeling Theory,and Symbolic Interactionism

The life of Carl Upchurch offers a personal example of labeling theory and symbolic interactionism in action. According to labeling theory, behaviors are explained by the reactions received from audiences. Three of the audiences that respond to the behavior of an individual are society at large, agents of social control, and significant others. Upchurch demonstrated how deviant behavior became normal and how being labeled deviant made normal behavior difficult. Symbolic interactionism stresses the importance of learning and social interaction and sees people as being proactive rather than reactive, active and not passive. Through his love of books, Upchurch took charge of his life and moved from being a prisoner citizen to an educator.     

One-sample location tests for multilevel data

In this paper, we consider testing the location parameter with multilevel (or hierarchical) data. A general family of weighted test statistics is introduced. This family includes extensions to the case of multilevel data of familiar procedures like the t, the sign and the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Under mild assumptions, the test statistics have a null limiting normal distribution which facilitates their use. An investigation of the relative merits of selected members of the family of tests is achieved theoretically by deriving their asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE) and empirically via a simulation study. It is shown that the performance of a test depends on the clusters configurations and on the intracluster correlations. Explicit formulas for optimal weights and a discussion of the impact of omitting a level are provided for 2 and 3-level data. It is shown that using appropriate weights can greatly improve the performance of the tests. Finally, the use of the new tests is illustrated with a real data example.     

A New Spatial Skew-Normal Random Field Model

Skewness is often present in a wide range of geostatistical problems, and modeling it in the spatial context remains a challenging problem. In this article, we propose and study a new class of spatial skew-normal random fields, defined in terms of the closed multivariate skew-normal distribution. Such fields can be written as the sum of two independent fields: one Gaussian and the other truncated Gaussian. We derive theoretical expressions for the first- and second-order moments, and use them within a method of moments based procedure to estimate the parameters of the model. Data simulated from the model are used to illustrate the methodology developed.     

Dickey-fuller tests with trend

The Dickey-Fuller [rcirc]_τ and [pcirc]_τ tests are based on a regression of a variable on its lagged value, an intercept, and a trend term. The distributions of both statistics depend on the coefficient of the trend, and the usual Dickey-Fuller tabulations assume that this coefficient equals zero. This paper provides tabulations for the case that the coefficient of the trend is non-zero.     

Supplemental Retirement Savings Plans in the Public Sector: Participation and Contribution Decisions by School Personnel

Virtually all full-time state and local government employees are covered by a retirement plan, typically a defined benefit plan, in which they are required to participate. In addition, most school employees have the option of choosing to contribute to a voluntary retirement savings plan offered by their school district. Relative to private sector workers, public employees face an expanded choice of retirement savings plans. Federal tax policies allow state and local governments the opportunity to offer both 401(k) plans and 457 plans to their employees. In addition to these plans, public schools and certain other organizations can offer 403(b) plans to their employees. This paper examines the decision to participate in a voluntary savings plan and the level of contributions for those that enroll in at least one of the plans. The analysis begins by describing the savings options available to public school employees and how these plans differ. The findings indicate that the same economic and demographic factors that influence saving decisions by private workers also drive the decisions of school employees. The three savings plans offered to public employees have many similar characteristics; however, several differences in the plans imply that certain workers may prefer one plan type over the others. Probit and Tobit models of participation in any plan and total annual contributions are estimated. Finally, we estimate the determinants of the decision to choose any one or a combination of savings plans.     

Weighted averaging,Jeffrey conditioning and invariance

Jeffrey conditioning tells an agent how to update her priors so as to grant a given probability to a particular event. Weighted averaging tells an agent how to update her priors on the basis of testimonial evidence, by changing to a weighted arithmetic mean of her priors and another agent’s priors. We show that, in their respective settings, these two seemingly so different updating rules are axiomatized by essentially the same invariance condition. As a by-product, this sheds new light on the question how weighted averaging should be extended to deal with cases when the other agent reveals only parts of her probability distribution. The combination of weighted averaging (for the events whose probability the other agent reveals) and Jeffrey conditioning (for the events whose probability the other agent does not reveal) is a comprehensive updating rule to deal with such cases, which is again axiomatized by invariance under embedding. We conclude that, even though one may dislike Jeffrey conditioning or weighted averaging, the two make a natural pair when a policy for partial testimonial evidence is needed.     

Managing ambiguity: between markets and managerialism - a case study of 'middle' managers in further education

Advocates of devolved and market oriented Education reform, point to the benefits from self determination which enhance both teacher and managerial autonomy. Critics refer, on the other hand, to the ways in which running education institutions on business and accounting principles have introduced a new managerialism (Clarke et al, 1994; Pollitt, 1990; Clarke and Newman, 1997), which has driven a wedge between lecturers and senior manager interests. In Further Education, according to Elliott (1996a), this finds expression in conflict between lecturers in defence of professional and pedagogic values, and senior managers promoting the managerial bottom line (Randle and Brady, 1994). The danger in polarising such interests in this way is that it presents a plausible, if not oversimplified, analysis of organisational behaviour as market forces permeate FE. If this paper concurs with many critics on the effects of the new managerialism, it departs company from a prevailing determinism which assumes an over controlled view of the FE workplace (Seddon and Brown, 1997). Despite evidence of widespread casualisation and deprofessionalisation in FE, this paper examines changing managerial cultures in the FE workplace, in this case among academic 'middle' managers, which suggests that managerialism is not as complete or uncontested as is often portrayed. The paper draws on an ESRC research project conducted by the authors (ESRC no. R000236713), looking at Changing Teaching and Managerial Cultures in FE, at a time when the sector is emerging from a series of funding crises associated with redundancies, industrial action, mismanagement and low morale at college level.     

Assessment of a computerized medical record system: disclosing scripts of use

In the last two decades, empirical studies adopting a critical sociological approach to technology have shown how innovations are socially shaped, and how their introduction into human practices is often problematic. This paper describes how the Actor–Network Theory (ANT) can contribute to the evaluation of information technology. Results of the evaluation of a computerized medical record system implemented in four Quebec (Canada) hospitals are presented. The distribution of skills and tasks among nurses, physicians and managers (as implied by the design), and the use of the computerized medical record system proved highly problematic since they radically modified clinical practices. Theoretical and practical implications of using ANT as an evaluation framework are discussed.