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991.
992.
Hans-Georg Soeffner 《Soziologie》2007,36(4):396-398
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
993.
994.
Joan Letendre 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2007,24(4):353-368
Aggression in girls is a problem that is gaining increased attention. The indirect forms of relational aggression historically
used by girls to harm their victims are increasingly escalating into physical altercations. An understanding of the interplay
between the developmental and contextual factors that contribute to learned aggression in girls is needed to inform program
development that truly responds to the unique gender socialization of girls. This article examines parental, environmental,
and peer factors for their contributions to the development of girls’ aggression. Implications for program development that
teaches girls and their families alternative ways of expressing their needs and protecting themselves from harm is discussed. 相似文献
995.
Galina Besstremyannaya 《Transition Studies Review》2007,14(2):331-338
The paper uses the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey 2003 database to study the types of official and shadow out-of-pocket
health care expenditures by consumers with high and low health status. The analysis shows that the inability of less healthy
people to pay unofficially for more effective outpatient care results in their higher demand for official inpatient and outpatient
treatment. This pattern creates the need to sustain excessive inpatient facilities and slows down health care restructuring.
Yet, since the state is incapable of fulfilling its obligations for providing free health care and meet the current demand,
in inpatient institutions all consumers, and less healthy ones in particular, spend considerable sums on drugs, even though
the latter are guaranteed to be free. Consequently, the current Russian health system itself leads to replacing outpatient
with inpatient care, which is more costly both for the patients and for the state.
相似文献
996.
Martin Eiliv Sandbu 《Social Choice and Welfare》2008,31(4):589-619
Much work in social choice theory takes individual preferences as uninvestigated inputs into aggregation functions designed
to reflect considerations of fairness. Advances in experimental and behavioural economics show that fairness can also be an
important motivation in the preferences of individuals themselves. A proper characterisation of how fairness concerns enter
such preferences can enrich the informational basis of many social choice exercises. This paper proposes axiomatic foundations
for individual fairness-motivated preferences that cover most of the models developed to rationalise observed behaviour in
experiments. These models fall into two classes: Outcome-based models, which see preferences as defined only over distributive
outcomes, and context-dependent models, which allow rankings over distributive outcomes to change systematically with non-outcome
factors. I accommodate outcome-based and context-sensitive fairness concerns by modelling fairness-motivated preferences as
a reference-dependent preference structure. I first present a set of axioms and two theorems that generate commonly used outcome-based models as special cases. I then
generalise the axiomatic basis to allow for reference-dependence, and derive a simple functional form in which the weight
on each person’s payoff depends on a reference vector of how much each person deserves. 相似文献
997.
Gamson’s law and hedonic games 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This note adds one celebrated coalition formation game due to Gamson (Am Soc Rev 26:373–382 1961a, Am Soc Rev 26:565–573,
1961b) in the list of applications of the theory of hedonic games explored by Banerjee et al. (Soc Choice Welf 18:135–153,
2001) and Bogomolnaia and Jackson (Games Econ Behav 38: 204–230, 2002). We apply their results to study the original Gamson
game and offer extensions both to a multi-dimensional characteristics space and to an infinite number of players. 相似文献
998.
999.
We consider hedonic coalition formation games that are induced by a simple TU-game and a cooperative solution. For such models,
Shenoy’s (Int J Game Theory 8:133–164, 1979) absence of the paradox of smaller coalitions provides a sufficient condition
for core existence. We present three different versions of his condition in order to compare it to the top coalition property
of Banerjee et al. (Social Choice Welfare 18:135–153, 2001) that guarantees nonemptiness of the core in more general models.
As it turns out, the top coalition property implies a condition in which Shenoy’s paradox is not present for at least one
minimal winning coalition. Conversely, if for each non-null player Shenoy’s paradox is not present for at least one minimal
winning coalition containing that player, then the induced hedonic game satisfies the top coalition property. 相似文献
1000.
Breeding bird communities in Berlin were investigated at five study sites, which represent an structural urban-rural gradient,
from densely built-up areas with sealed ground to green areas such as large parks. In this paper, we tested the Hasse Diagram
Technique (HDT), an approach belonging to partial order theory, for its appropriateness to extract information about changes
in species composition from our data set. As expected, the overall number of bird species was positively correlated with the
urban-rural gradient, increasing from 12 found in the city center to 28 in an urban park. By HDT analysis, four different
sub-groups of birds could be identified, contributing differentially to the increase in species number: (1) ubiquists, i.e.,
species found at each study site, (2) a sub-group, the species’ number of which was positively correlated with the urban-rural
gradient, increasing with increasingly green areas, (3) a sub-group, the species’ number of which was negatively correlated
with the urban-rural gradient, decreasing with a declining density of buildings, and (4) species, the distribution of which
did not show any correlation with the urban-rural gradient. The results show that HDT is a suitable tool for formalized analysis
of the pattern of species’ communities along an environmental gradient. 相似文献