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161.
This essay provides an analysis of conflicts of interest (COIs) that arise in university relationships with private industry and articulates the concept of an "institutional" COI. It compares personal and institutional COIs in order to shed some light on the difficulties universities face in managing their own COIs. The essay discusses some proposed strategies for responding to institutional COIs, such as developing independent boards to monitor and oversee the university's COIs, building firewalls between various parts of the university to prevent financial interests from affecting university functions, creating independent research institutes, and prohibiting some types of university investments. 相似文献
162.
Direct and indirect aggressive behaviors were studied using surveys and interviews of students in two public schools. The
variables of “sex-of-aggressor” and “sex-of-target” were included. Claims in previous research that girls engage in far more
indirect aggression than boys are not supported. Further, it was found that girls are more likely to target the opposite sex
with direct aggression than boys. This suggests more gender fluidity in the use of aggression by girls and adds to a growing
body of research that dispels the notion that direct and indirect aggression can be neatly sorted into male and female categories
of behavior.
Sibylle Artz Ph.D., is a Full Professor in the School Child and Youth Care at the University of Victoria. Her research focuses on aggression and violence and girls’ use of violence. She has written two books, Feeling as a Way of Knowing (1994) and Sex, Power and the Violent School Girl, (1997) and co-edited, a third book Working Relationally with Girls, (2004), with Dr. Marie Hoskins. Diana Nicholson is a Ph.D., Candidate in the Centre for Cross-Faculty Inquiry in Education at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Her research in the past decade has focused largely on supporting at-risk youth. She has a general interest in effective practice with children and youth, and a special interest in qualitative inquiry and relationally-based educational initiatives. Dr. Douglas Magnuson is Associate Professor in the School of Child and Youth Care at the University of Victoria. He is working on a study in child protection, including (a) the use of influence methods and mandated authority, (b) professional judgment and decision-making, and (c) the use of solution-focused methods in domestic violence cases. In recent years he has published articles on the pedagogy of spirituality in child and youth care. He is the editor of Working with Youth in Divided and Contested Societies and has a forthcoming article in Youth and Policy. 相似文献
Sibylle ArtzEmail: |
Sibylle Artz Ph.D., is a Full Professor in the School Child and Youth Care at the University of Victoria. Her research focuses on aggression and violence and girls’ use of violence. She has written two books, Feeling as a Way of Knowing (1994) and Sex, Power and the Violent School Girl, (1997) and co-edited, a third book Working Relationally with Girls, (2004), with Dr. Marie Hoskins. Diana Nicholson is a Ph.D., Candidate in the Centre for Cross-Faculty Inquiry in Education at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Her research in the past decade has focused largely on supporting at-risk youth. She has a general interest in effective practice with children and youth, and a special interest in qualitative inquiry and relationally-based educational initiatives. Dr. Douglas Magnuson is Associate Professor in the School of Child and Youth Care at the University of Victoria. He is working on a study in child protection, including (a) the use of influence methods and mandated authority, (b) professional judgment and decision-making, and (c) the use of solution-focused methods in domestic violence cases. In recent years he has published articles on the pedagogy of spirituality in child and youth care. He is the editor of Working with Youth in Divided and Contested Societies and has a forthcoming article in Youth and Policy. 相似文献
163.
Reeleder David; Goel Vivek; Singer Peter A.; Martin Douglas K. 《Jnl. of Public Admin. Research and Theory》2008,18(1):161-175
Governments can be accountable for improving the fairness oftheir priority setting through enhanced transparency and stakeholderengagement. A case analysis is conducted of priority settingin a government health care context in Ontario, Canada, assessinghow implementation of hospital accountability agreements meetsthe conditions of a leading international ethical frameworkfor priority setting, "accountability for reasonableness" (A4R).Hospital accountability agreements provide a mechanism for governmentto ensure that public funding achieves desired performance inhospitals. A key goal of priority setting is fairness. A4R linkspriority setting, legitimacy, and fairness to theories of democraticdeliberation, making a claim for fairness if the four conditionsof relevance, publicity, revision/appeals, and enforcement aresatisfied. Regarding the relevance condition, this analysissuggests that government only partially met the relevance conditionproviding limited stakeholder engagement but with evidence ofpolicy learning and movement toward the establishment of inclusivestakeholder arrangements. Evidence suggests that governmenteventually progressed toward meeting the publicity condition.Government only partially met the revision/appeals conditionand did not meet the enforcement condition, as the other conditionswere only partially met. It is our view that regional governancestructures in Ontario (i.e., Local Health Integration Networksor LHINs) provide an opportunity for the province to improvethe fairness of their accountability agreement processes throughenhancing transparency and stakeholder engagement. More broadly,this case study provides a guide for government to enhance accountabilityby focusing on A4R to improve the fairness of its priority setting. 相似文献
164.
Long Gao Douglas J. Thomas Michael B. Freimer 《Production and Operations Management》2014,23(10):1761-1778
A pre‐pack is a collection of items used in retail distribution. By grouping multiple units of one or more stock keeping units (SKU), distribution and handling costs can be reduced; however, ordering flexibility at the retail outlet is limited. This paper studies an inventory system at a retail level where both pre‐packs and individual items (at additional handling cost) can be ordered. For a single‐SKU, single‐period problem, we show that the optimal policy is to order into a “band” with as few individual units as possible. For the multi‐period problem with modular demand, the band policy is still optimal, and the steady‐state distribution of the target inventory position possesses a semi‐uniform structure, which greatly facilitates the computation of optimal policies and approximations under general demand. For the multi‐SKU case, the optimal policy has a generalized band structure. Our numerical results show that pre‐pack use is beneficial when facing stable and complementary demands, and substantial handling savings at the distribution center. The cost premium of using simple policies, such as strict base‐stock and batch‐ordering (pre‐packs only), can be substantial for medium parameter ranges. 相似文献
165.
Recent studies have found size of territorial units to vary inversely with population density, the only exception to this regularity being Great Britain, where size and density were found to be unrelated. The present research accounts for this anomaly by demonstrating Britain's historical conformity to the size-density relation. The size-density hypothesis is further supported by direct test, made possible by a recent reorganization of british counties. Results show that reorganization has restored the expected inverse relation between size and density and has restructured the size and density of counties in a manner precisely specified by underlying theory. 相似文献
166.
James H. Mielke Lynn B. Jorde P. Gene Trapp Douglas L. Anderton Kari Pitkäinen Aldur W. Eriksson 《Demography》1984,21(3):271-295
We analyze a 140-year series of smallpox deaths in the Åland Islands, Finland. Vaccination, introduced in 1805, dramatically reduced the annual number of smallpox deaths. It also influenced the age distribution of smallpox deaths, changing smallpox from a childhood disease before 1805 to one which affected both adults and children after 1805. This appears to be due to the fact that Ålanders were usually vaccinated only once during childhood and often lost their immunity during adulthood. Spectral analysis of the prevaccination time series of smallpox deaths demonstrates a strong seven-year periodicity, reflecting the amount of time necessary to build up a cohort of nonimmune individuals. After the introduction of vaccination, the periodicity changes to eight years. The probability that a parish in Åland was affected by a smallpox epidemic is shown to be highly correlated with migration patterns and parish population sizes. 相似文献
167.
Clinical and health policy research frequently involves health status measurement using generic or disease specific instruments.
These instruments are generally developed to arrive at several scales, each measuring a distinct domain of health quality
of life (HQOL). Clinical settings are starting to explore how to integrate patient perspectives of HQOL outcomes into patient
care. However, the length of many HQOL instruments poses a challenge in terms of patient burden, as well as clinic flow time.
The most popular paradigm for scale construction utilizes classical test theory methodology and can lead to excessive and
redundant items in an effort to bolster reliability measurements such as Cronbach’s alpha above levels of accepted reliability.
This paper presents techniques for utilizing item response theory to arrive at single item scales that are diagnostically
informative and short enough to have clinical utility. A danger of such dramatic scale reduction is that validity might be
compromised. This danger is addressed in terms of criterion related validity and sensitivity to clinical changes over a 36 months
period. The reduction methods are illustrated using selected scales from the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 (AIMS2)
with data obtained from the study Pharmaceutical Care Outcomes: The Patient Role (PCOPR). 相似文献
168.
In this paper we examine the internal migratory response, by native-born non-Hispanic white men and foreign-born men in the United States, to recent immigration. Our analysis does not support the claim that natives have made a migratory response to recent immigration. Native-born men and foreign-born men were less likely to leave states that received large numbers of immigrants in the 1980s than they were to leave other states, and native-born men had less propensity toward out-migration than did foreign-born men. Out-migration was most likely to be deterred if recent immigrants originated in Europe or Asia. Although native-born non-Hispanic white men showed a tendency toward out-migration if recent immigrants originated in Latin America or the Caribbean, this result was insignificant after we controlled for state economic and regional context. 相似文献
169.
Demography - Research based on hospital records demonstrates that many births classified as normal according to conventional demographic measurement are intrauterine growth-retarded (IUGR) when... 相似文献
170.
This study examines the effects of poor parenting on dating violence perpetration and victimization among approximately 900 males and females from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Results revealed that more physical abuse and low parental warmth were linked to greater substance use and higher rates of delinquency. In addition, low parental warmth, more neglect, and greater delinquency had positive direct effects on dating violence perpetration, whereas more physical abuse, low parental warmth, and increased delinquency were all positively associated with dating violence victimization. Finally, delinquency mediated the link between low parental warmth and dating violence perpetration and victimization. The results provide some support for both social learning theory and an antisocial orientation perspective. 相似文献