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941.
Stephen L. Brown 《Risk analysis》2010,30(7):1092-1098
Risk perception theories posit that changes in risk perception prompt subsequent changes in risk behavior. Prospective studies using observations made at three time‐points offer the capacity to test this hypothesis by observing sequential changes in both risk perceptions and behavior. A telephone survey was administered by random‐digit dialing to 255 adult Australian drivers at baseline (T1), 6 weeks (T2), and 14 weeks (T3). During weeks 2–5, a risk‐perception‐based anti‐speeding mass media campaign was conducted. The survey assessed risk perception, operationalized as the proportion of time that driving at 70 km/h (43 mph) was perceived to be dangerous, and self‐reported speeding behavior, defined as the frequency of respondents driving 5 km (3 mph) faster than the legal speed limit in built up areas. Higher T2 risk perception predicted lower T3 self‐reports of speeding after controlling T1 risk perception and T1 and T2 self‐reported speeding. This can be interpreted as changes in risk perceptions between T1 and T2 predicting changes in speeding between T2 and T3. Further analyses showed that increases in risk perception predicted lower subsequent self‐reported speeding changes, but decreases in risk perception were unrelated to those changes. Risk perception changes were unrelated to recall of exposure to the media campaign. These findings support a dynamic view of the relationship between risk perception and self‐reported behavior, and that risk perception theories can be applied to speeding. 相似文献
942.
B. Tolchard M. W. Battersby 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2010,26(4):623-638
There is a need to establish reliability and the various forms of validity in all measures in order to feel confident in the
use of such tools across a wide diversity of settings. The aim of this study is to describe the reliability and validity of
the Victorian Gambling Screen (VGS) and in particular one of the sub-scales (Harm to Self—HS) in a specialist problem gambling
treatment service in Adelaide, Australia. Sixty-seven consecutive gamblers were assessed using a previously validated clinical
interview and the VGS (Ben-Tovim et al., The Victorian Gambling Screen: project report. Victorian Research Panel, Melbourne,
2001). The internal consistency of the combined VGS scales had a Cronbach’s alpha of .85 with the HS scale .89. There was satisfactory
evidence of convergent validity which included moderate correlations with another measure of gambling—the South Oaks Gambling
Screen. There were also moderate correlations with other measures of psychopathology. Finally, how the VGS may best be used
in clinical settings is discussed. 相似文献
943.
Consider classifying an n × I observation vector as coming from one of two multivariate normal distributions which differ both in mean vectors and covariance matrices. A class of dis-crimination rules based upon n independent univariate discrim-inate functions is developed yielding exact misclassification probabilities when the population parameters are known. An efficient search of this class to select the procedure with minimum expected misclassification is made by employing an algorithm of the implicit enumeration type used in integer programming. The procedure is applied to the classification of male twins as either monozygotic or dizygotic. 相似文献
944.
In this paper, we consider noninformative priors for the ratio of variances in two normal populations. We develop first and
second order matching priors. We find that the second order matching prior matches alternative coverage probabilities up to
the second order and is also a HPD matching prior. It turns out that among the reference priors, only one-at-a-time reference
prior satisfies a second order matching criterion. Our simulation study indicates that the one-at-a-time reference prior performs
better than other reference priors in terms of matching the target coverage probabilities in a frequentist sense.
This work is supported by Korea Research Foundation Grant (KRF-2004-002-C00041). 相似文献
945.
John W. Heeren 《Symbolic Interaction》1999,22(2):163-179
One of the concerns in recent work on the sociology of emotions is the link between emotions and social bonding. A version of this issue has also been discussed in research on disasters, with the focus being on how the crisis leads to the cohesion essential to recovery and rebuilding. This paper provides an analysis of a fire and its aftermath and shows how central emotions are to understanding the social psychology of the event. Most important here is the fact that, when identifying themselves as fire victims, those affected by the disaster assumed that they experienced the same profound emotions at the same time. This emotional simultaneity led fire victims to emphasize their bonds to one another and heighten their boundaries with nonvictims. In turn, this led to their providing social support, comparative experiences, and practical assistance to each other. 相似文献
946.
The information systems (IS) and management literature, broadly conceived, is replete with management innovation and change programmes. All are designed to enhance business performance and competitive advantage. This paper examines five approaches which have been developed in the post-war period to improve business performance. They are Total Quality Management (TQM), Just-In-Time production management (JIT), Activity Based Costing (ABC), Business Process Re-engineering (BPR), and Process Innovation. By comparing and contrasting these approaches, it is found that considerable overlap exists in their scope, style, content, aims and objectives. In view of this, the paper argues that instead of re-inventing the wheel every few years with a new management innovation and change panacea or fad, a broader, inter-disciplinary perspective should be adopted which seeks to understand the wider ideological, historical and empirical perspective which underpins these ideas. This is instead of the tunnel vision approach which seeks only to place these ideas in a narrow organisational or managerial context. 相似文献
947.
Toon W. Taris Paul J. G. Schreurs Ingrid J. Van Iersel-Van Silfhout 《Work and stress》2001,15(4):283-296
This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed. 相似文献
948.
James Matcham Steven Julious Stephen Pyke Michael O'Kelly Susan Todd Jorgen Seldrup Simon Day 《Pharmaceutical statistics》2011,10(1):70-73
In this paper we set out what we consider to be a set of best practices for statisticians in the reporting of pharmaceutical industry‐sponsored clinical trials. We make eight recommendations covering: author responsibilities and recognition; publication timing; conflicts of interest; freedom to act; full author access to data; trial registration and independent review. These recommendations are made in the context of the prominent role played by statisticians in the design, conduct, analysis and reporting of pharmaceutical sponsored trials and the perception of the reporting of these trials in the wider community. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
949.
Gary W. Peterson 《Sociological inquiry》1999,69(3):426-430
950.
Peter W.M. John 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2013,42(6):1995-2001
Kageyama Mohan (1984) have presented three methods of constructing new incomplete block designs from balanced incomplete block designs, They raise questions about the designs which come from each of their methods, These questions are answered, Another series of group divisible designs is derived as a special case of their second method. 相似文献