Eighteen Months Old in Dublin

SUMMARY: The data reported and discussed in this article are taken from the Dublin Child Development Study, a longitudinal study which started in 1985 with interviews of 200 women expecting their first child. Using information gathered in the first 18 months of the children's lives, an attempt is made to describe the sample of children as they arrive at the age of 18 months. The findings on the children's development are placed in the context of the study's information on their parents and in the wider social context in which the families lived, in Dublin in the late 1980s.     

Hassles,hardiness and absenteeism: Results of a 3-year longitudinal study

Abstract

In this 3-year longitudinal study of 229 full-time employees, the authors investigated the association between hassles, two measures of personality hardiness, and absenteeism verified from medical personnel records and self-reported hospitalization owing to injury and illness. Using stepwise multiple regression analysis, hassles, but neither of the hardiness measures, significantly predicted absenteeism when controlling for psychological well-being and relevent demographic variables over the 3-year period. The alternative measure of hardiness, but not any of the original Kobasa personality hardiness scales, predicted self-reported hospitalization for injury and illness. Little evidence for the predicitve validity of the Kobasa personality hardiness components, or composite hardiness score, existed for either absenteeism or self-reported hospitalization in this study. These findings support the concept that the current conceptualization, measurement and use of the original Kobasa hardiness scales should be re-evaluated.     

Performance Concern,Contingent Self‐worth,and Responses to Repeated Achievement Failure in Second Graders

Individual differences in emotion, cognitions, and task choice following achievement failure are found among four‐ to seven‐year‐olds. However, neither performance deterioration during failure nor generalization after failure—aspects of the helpless pattern in 10‐year‐olds—have been reliably demonstrated in this age group. In the present study, 78 second graders worked on a series of unsolvable and solvable puzzles and then on a figure‐matching task. We assessed levels of performance concern and performance‐contingent self‐worth, and their relations to performance during and after failure. As predicted, performance concern and performance‐contingent self‐worth were independent self‐regulatory processes. Performance concern was related to strategy use during and after failure and performance‐contingent self‐worth was related to postfailure performance. These results provide empirical support for Burhans and Dweck's model of the origins of individual differences in motivation. Similarities in behaviors and mechanisms of effect for children's and adults' responses to failure are discussed.     

Economic Conditions in Rome and Their Lessons for Us

Abstract

The Economic and Social History of an English Village (Crawley, Hampshire) A.D. 909-1928. By N. S. B. Gras and E. C. Gras. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1930, XV, 730 pp. $7.50.

The American Revolution and the British Empire. By R. Coupland. Longmans, Green and Co. London, New York, Toronto, 1930; vii, 331 pp. $4.50. Reviewed by Robert Livingston Schuyler.

The Genius of Mexico. Lectures Delivered before the Fifth Seminar in Mexico, 19.10. Edited by Hubert C. Herring and Katharine Terrill. The Committee on Cultural Relations with Latin America, New York, 1931. 334 pp. Reviewed by Milton W. Hamilton.

A Guide to the Study of Medieval History. By Louis J. Paetow. Revised Edition under the Auspices of the Medieval Academy of America, Dana C. Munro, editor in chief. New York, 1931. (Crofts, $6.00). Reviewed by John L. La Monte.

International Government. By Edmund C. Mower. D. C. Heath &; Co., Boston, 1931. xix, 736 pp. $5.00.

International Law. A Restatement of Principles in Conformity with Actual Practise. By Ellery C. Stowell. Henry Holt &; Co., New York, 1931. xxvi, 829 pp. $4.75. Reviewed by Walden Moore.

A History of South America. By Charles Edmund Akers. E. P. Dutton and Co., New York, 1930. xxxii, 781 pp. Illus. Maps. $5.

A History of the Argentine Republic. By F. A. Kirkpatrick. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1931. xxvii, 255 pp. Illus. Maps.

Narratives of the Discovery of America. By A. W. Lawrence and Jean Young. Jonathan Cape and Harrison Smith, New York, 1931. viii, 300 pp. Maps. $3.

Select Documents Illustrating the four Voyages of Columbus. Vol. 1. By Cecil Jane. The Hakluyt Society, London, 1930. Illus. Maps. Reviewed by A. Curtis Wilgus.

The American Public Mind. By Peter Odegard. Columbia University Press, New York, 1930. 308 pp.

American Society. By Charles F. Thwing. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1931. 271 pp. Reviewed by R. Stanley McCordock.

The Cabinet Council of England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 1622-1784, vol. 1. By Edward Raymond Turner. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1930. xi, 469 pp. $7.50. Reviewed by Charles F. Mullett.

A History of the Hebrew People from the Earliest Times to the Year 70 A.D. Largely in the Language of Bible. Prepared by George A. Barton. The Century Co., New York, London, 1930, 464 pp. $3.50. Reviewed by Salo Baron.

Nelson W. Aldrich: a Leader in American Politics. By Nathaniel Wright Stephenson. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1930. xii, 496 pp. Reviewed by Herbert B. Howe.     

A competency approach to curriculum building: a social work mission

This article discusses The John A. Hartford Foundation CSWE SAGE-SW Project through an historical reflection of curriculum development within the profession. The project's relationship to several curriculum building models is also explored. A curriculum development tool for combining the Hartford Competencies with theCSWEEPAS requirements is provided.     

Foreign aid and national priorities

Foreign aid evolved from a combination of postwar trends—reconstruction efforts, U.S. foreign policy objectives, post-colonial relations, and humanitarianism. At no prior time has foreign aid played a role in relations among nations; and there are signs—relative stagnation of aid flows, increased doubts about the aid relationship—that aid in its present form may not be a permanent feature of the international scene. One of the important questions to be addressed as we speculate about the prospects for the Second Development Decade and beyond, is whether this is a process to be resisted or an evolution to be aided.     

Advancing Gendered Analyses of Entrepreneurship: A Critical Exploration of Entrepreneurial Activity among Gay Men and Lesbian Women

This paper advances contemporary gendered analyses of entrepreneurial activity by exploring self‐employment amongst gay men and lesbian women. Within current entrepreneurial debate, heterosexual women have become the visible embodiment of the gendered subject. Our contribution is to queer this assumption when focusing upon the entrepreneurial activity of gays and lesbians. Our core question investigates if ‘there is evidence of differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals in their likelihood of being entrepreneurially active’. To address this question, we contrast competing notions of gender stereotypes and discrimination whilst drawing on findings from a large‐scale population‐based study of 163,000 UK adults. We find few differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals; this persists after examining intersectional patterns and considering if gay and lesbian entrepreneurs choose particular sectors, geographies or forms of self‐employment. As our discussion highlights, the value of this study lies within its critique of contemporary analyses of gender which assume it is an end‐point rather than a foundation for analysing gender as a multiplicity.