免于公开的商业机密的界定问题

信息公开立法中对商业机密等免于公开的规定体现了公益与私益平衡原则,而如何体现这一原则,还有赖于立法和实践中对免于公开规定的商业机密进行界定。通过对目前信息立法最为完善的美国的相关经验进行梳理和分析,对我国目前各地信息公开立法中的有关规定进行评析,进而对我国完善相关立法和规范相关实践提出建议。     

Adherence to exercise programs and determinants of maintenance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment

After a randomized controlled trial showing that improvement on some aspects of cognitive function was related to adherence to an exercise program, determinants of adherence and maintenance were further studied. Older adults with mild cognitive impairment were contacted 6 mo after the end of exercise programs for a telephone interview addressing patterns of adherence and determinants of maintenance. Mean adherence during the trial was 53%. About one third of participants had lapses during the trial but completed, one third had no lapses, and one third dropped out or never started. Practical barriers (time, location) were related to not starting and functional limitations to dropout. After the trial 25% of participants continued the programs, 14% reported intention to continue, and 61% quit. Maintenance was determined by fewer health complaints, higher satisfaction with the programs, and better adherence during the programs. Although maintenance was low, this study identified several reasons and barriers to adherence and maintenance that could be addressed.     

Power,governance and distributional skew in global value chains: Exchange theoretic and exogenous factors

The relationship between power, governance and value creation/capture is a central concern in global value chain (GVC) research. In the context of calls to develop a more expansive view of power in GVCs, we argue for retaining a focus on bargaining power, but shifting the conceptualization of bargaining power from the dyad to the network. We advance two arguments. First, we elaborate an exchange theoretic model in which skew of value capture is a function of the degree of power asymmetry inherent in the ratio of buyers to suppliers. Second, we explain how this model can be expanded to consider the role of external factors, such as the institutional and normative contexts in which exchange occurs. Rather than see these factors as contending forms of power, we treat them as forces that can affect value skew by either attenuating the bargaining power of lead firms or by moderating the distributional effects of power asymmetries between exchange partners. We conclude that an exchange theoretic approach to bargaining power in GVCs provides a parsimonious framework for explaining how inter-firm governance shapes the distribution of value capture in global production.     

跨国法律中企业社会责任制度的演进

随着国际经贸往来日益频繁,在国际经济法领域出现了由跨国公司、非政府组织和政府间组织制定的"软法"--跨国法律.企业社会责任是其中一项重要的制度.该制度的不断完善在促进跨国法律发展的同时,也起到了规范企业的社会行为,促使其承担相应社会责任的积极作用.中国入世后,越来越多的中国企业将融人世界市场.为此,中国应建立与国际接轨的企业社会责任制度,增强政府对企业社会责任的宏观监管职能,并向外输出中国对于企业社会责任的法律意识和法律观念,使得在跨国法律的演进过程中,在企业社会责任领域能够存在中国声音,影响相关的国际立法.     

粤东闽语n尾韵文白异读及其与η尾韵和鼻化韵的关系

对粤东闽语n韵尾分析发现,n韵尾在山、臻二摄中一部分属于文读层,一部分属于白读层;在曾、梗二摄中全部属于白读层.从语音演变规律来看,粤东闽语n韵尾向η韵尾演变是历史发展的趋势,鼻化韵是n、η韵尾尚未完全合并前由两者弱化并脱落而来.     

一种短波数传载波同步的软件实现方法

从短波数传中载波同步问题的分析入手，提出了一种稳健的软件载波同步方法。详细地编写了算法过程并作了主要性能分析，得知其速度及精度均能达到高质量数传的要求。此方法应用简便可靠，能在较强干扰下工作。对于中、低速数传，此方法可直接用作载波同步，而对于高速数传则可作为有效的载波预同步措施以改善误码性能。     

Cohesion and Enmeshment Revisited: Differentiation,Identity, and Well‐Being in Two European Cultures

We examined the nature and implications of family differentiation among adolescents facing a life transition in 2 European countries with differing family cultures. One hundred and twenty‐four Italian and 109 U.K. adolescents completed measures of family differentiation (cohesion and enmeshment), identity threat (perception of threat to the self associated with finishing school), life satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that cohesion and enmeshment were distinguishable in both countries, orthogonal in the U.K. but positively correlated in Italy. Family cohesion was associated with better psychological well‐being in both countries; enmeshment was associated with poorer psychological well‐being in the U.K. but not in Italy. Structural equation models showed that effects on well‐being were fully mediated by identity threat in both cultures.     

Upgrading,uneven development,and jobs in the North American apparel industry

In this article we examine the developmental consequences of globalization at multiple scales, using a commodity chains framework to investigate the case of the North American apparel industry. In the first section we outline the apparel commodity chain and offer a brief typology of its lead firms. In the second section we discuss the concept of industrial upgrading and describe several main export roles in the global apparel industry. In the third section we focus on the regional dynamics resulting from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). We contrast the Mexican experience with that of countries in the Caribbean Basin to show the impact of distinct trade policies on export‐oriented development. We argue that NAFTA is creating upgrading opportunities for some Mexican firms to move from the low value‐added export‐oriented assembly (or maquila) model to full‐package production. In the fourth section we explore the unevenness of upgrading dynamics through a comparison of two blue jeans manufacturing clusters in the United States and Mexico: El Paso and Torreon. Our conclusions about upgrading and uneven development in the North American apparel industry emphasize the importance of local, national and regional institutional contexts in shaping inter‐firm networks and their development impact.     

Negotiating accommodations so that work-based education facilitates career development for youth with disabilities

Workers with disabilities are entitled to have their individual needs accommodated in a way that allows them to perform the essential duties of their job. However, adults with disabilities are often lacking in career development and are ill-prepared to negotiate workplace accommodations. This has led educators to seek workplaces that can accommodate the needs of adolescents with disabilities, so these adolescents can learn to negotiate accommodations and enhance their career development through work-based education. This paper reports on two case studies in which employers had agreed to accommodate the needs of adolescents with disabilities participating in work-based education. Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) framed the analyses of these two cases - a case of a student with physical disabilities and a case of a student with developmental disabilities. SCCT proves valuable in understanding the role of work-based education in the career development of disabled youth.     

Common Factors That Enhance the Quality of Life for Women Living in Their Own Homes or in Aged Care Facilities

A qualitative study of older women living in their own homes and older women living in aged care facilities found that the concerns of the women living in their own homes were the realities of life for the residents in the aged care facilities. Twenty-five female residents across two facilities and 11 older women living in their own homes were interviewed. The positive outcomes of aging at home are relevant and desirable for residents of aged care facilities. A smooth transition from community living to residential aged care involves retaining some of these positive aspects of their lives.