唐朝军事系统中的朝鲜半岛徙民

唐朝前期,中央政府与高句丽、百济的战争带来了两次大规模的半岛人群入唐活动。半岛降人具有骁勇善战的特性,他们依据身份的不同,分三个层次——官僚贵族、官奴与平民。这些徙民进入唐朝的中央和地方军事系统,成为唐朝武装力量的重要组成部分。其中,出身官僚贵族者在唐朝发展的巅峰是高宗、武则天时代;出身官奴者的发展巅峰是玄宗一朝;出身普通降民者的发展巅峰则在安史之乱以后,三者在时间上呈递进趋势。半岛徙民多进入唐朝各种军事组织中,再与整个系统一起,融入唐朝社会中。     

Quantitative Assessment of the Risk of Lung Cancer Associated with Occupational Exposure to Refractory Ceramic Fibers

We present the results of a quantitative assessment of the lung cancer risk associated with occupational exposure to refractory ceramic fibers (RCF). The primary sources of data for our risk assessment were two long-term oncogenicity studies in male Fischer rats conducted to assess the potential pathogenic effects associated with prolonged inhalation of RCF. An interesting feature of the data was the availability of the temporal profile of fiber burden in the lungs of experimental animals. Because of this information, we were able to conduct both exposure–response and dose–response analyses. Our risk assessment was conducted within the framework of a biologically based model for carcinogenesis, the two-stage clonal expansion model, which allows for the explicit incorporation of the concepts of initiation and promotion in the analyses. We found that a model positing that RCF was an initiator had the highest likelihood. We proposed an approach based on biological considerations for the extrapolation of risk to humans. This approach requires estimation of human lung burdens for specific exposure scenarios, which we did by using an extension of a model due to Yu. Our approach acknowledges that the risk associated with exposure to RCF depends on exposure to other lung carcinogens. We present estimates of risk in two populations: (1) a population of nonsmokers and (2) an occupational cohort of steelworkers not exposed to coke oven emissions, a mixed population that includes both smokers and nonsmokers.     

经济新闻报道的新思考

经济新闻报道是新闻媒体对经济信息、经济工作和人民经济生活的及时报道.改进经济新闻报道,既要从宏观上把握,又要从微观做起,提高新闻工作者的专业素质.     

论西方伦理学在中国早期传播的特点及影响

从明末清初到戊戌维新之前是中国与西方伦理学的早期接触时期,无论是明清耶稣会士的译著,还是林乐知、花之安等传教士的著作,传播的主要是一些宗教伦理观念,兼有一些世俗伦理思想.虽然,作为学术意义上的"伦理学"的输入还没有真正展开,国人对西方伦理学的自觉传播还没有形成规模,但这一切在客观上都作了西方伦理学在华传播的先导.先有这些思想观念的输入为之铺路,就为此后西方伦理学在中国全面的传播做了理论的准备.     

浅谈多媒体教学信息系统的建设

本文主要从教学硬件平台、教学软件平台和教育技术培训平台三个方面介绍了多媒体教学信息系统的建设 ,以及多媒体教学信息系统在现代教育中的重要意义。     

社交媒体头像呈现与使用动机研究——以大学生微信应用为例

社交媒体的出现改变了传统的人际交往模式,丰富了用户自我呈现的策略和手段,其中社交媒体头像在用户形象形成的过程中扮演重要角色,不同用户的头像选择千差万别。为分析社交媒体使用动机与用户头像选择之间的关系,以大学生群体为研究对象,通过问卷分析法具体探究大学生微信应用中头像选择现状,以及其使用动机与头像选择之间的关系。研究发现,大学生微信用户在头像选择上不愿透露过多真实信息,同时倾向于对照片进行修饰;娱乐性动机、扩新动机和从众动机在不同方面均对用户头像选择产生显著影响。     

复合动词“～はじめる”和“～だす”的后项语义区别——从认知语言学的角度

复合动词的先行研究中以分析各组成要素关系居多,用认知理论分析复合动词多义的语义结构和近义区别的较少.认知的意象图式从说话者关注的焦点直观地反映了近义词语的语义不同."～はじめる"和"～だす"复合动词的后项表示"始动"义时,共同中心意思是"向外部移动".对中心意思意象图式的考察,能分析出二者后项语义的不同特征.前者结合认知的使动图式得出意象图式;后者从说话者关注角度的转化得出意象图式,从而分析出二者"始动"义的主要区别.     

MMCTest—A Safe Algorithm for Implementing Multiple Monte Carlo Tests

Consider testing multiple hypotheses using tests that can only be evaluated by simulation, such as permutation tests or bootstrap tests. This article introduces MMCTest , a sequential algorithm that gives, with arbitrarily high probability, the same classification as a specific multiple testing procedure applied to ideal p‐values. The method can be used with a class of multiple testing procedures that include the Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate procedure and the Bonferroni correction controlling the familywise error rate. One of the key features of the algorithm is that it stops sampling for all the hypotheses that can already be decided as being rejected or non‐rejected. MMCTest can be interrupted at any stage and then returns three sets of hypotheses: the rejected, the non‐rejected and the undecided hypotheses. A simulation study motivated by actual biological data shows that MMCTest is usable in practice and that, despite the additional guarantee, it can be computationally more efficient than other methods.     

The Politics of Public and Private Pension Generosity in Advanced Democracies

The quantitative strand of social policy research suffers from a triple deficit: analyses of aggregate expenditure dominate, most of the few studies of replacement rates focus on unemployment or sickness benefits while pensions are excluded, and the interdependence between public and private pension plans is often ignored. This article addresses the said deficits, first, by discussing the pension sectors' theoretical peculiarities and by proposing two hypotheses: one on the role played by political parties in implementing public pension retrenchment, and the second on their role in extending private pension plans. Second, the article presents regression results of public pension replacement rate changes in 18 developed democracies. The findings show considerably smaller cuts to pensions than to unemployment or sickness benefits, and striking differences regarding partisan effects between the sectors. Lastly, the article assesses partisan effects on private pension plans, detecting some rather surprising effects. Most noteworthy is the fact that those parties which reduced public pension generosity during the 1990s (i.e. Social Democrats) cannot claim responsibility for compensating these cuts by eliciting higher private engagement.