美国“丝绸之路生物监测网络”对我国西部边疆的安全影响

“一带一路”倡议正式启动的同时，美国国防威胁降低局具有针对性地策划了“丝绸之路生物监测网络”的成立，试图依托自身的生物霸权与技术优势以对冲中国在“一带一路”沿线国家的影响力拓展。伴随着“丝绸之路生物监测网络”的持续扩张，各类生物组织与病毒实验室林立于我国西部周边，不仅加剧了边疆地区面临的生化安全风险，同时也会在政治渗透中日益毒化中国与“一带一路”沿线国家合作的互信基础。然而，目前国内的生物安全研究过于内向聚焦，缺乏“命运共同体”视野下的全球安全意识，即使是我国所倡导的“一带一路”倡议也没有认识到沿线国家对于生物安全治理需求的迫切性。对此，本文着眼于美国“丝绸之路生物监测网络”的组织建设进程，研析其对于“一带一路”沿线国家的渗透与扩张能力，由此透析我国西部边疆以及“一带一路”可能面临的生物安全风险与政治冲击，从而弥补目前国内的研究空白。     

业绩波动、高管变更与成本粘性

  不同的高管通过营造公司文化和制订公司战略等手段对公司产生显著的影响，因此高管变更可以被视为公司的重要事件之一。已有研究发现当公司高管发生变更时，公司的相关行为随之发生变化。利润是高管关注的核心指标，为了提高利润，除扩大收入外，提高成本管理能力也是一种可行手段。因此，研究高管变更这一日趋频繁发生的事件对成本粘性的影响具有重大意义。         以高阶认知理论为基础，结合成本粘性的调整成本、管理者对未来的乐观预期以及管理者机会主义动机3项理论成因，从2010年至2016年中国沪深两市的上市公司中选取10 209个公司-年样本，利用多元回归方法对高管变更如何影响成本粘性进行研究。在按照业绩波动程度和高管变更原因将样本进行分组后，利用组间系数比较的方法，深入分析不同业绩波动下和不同高管变更原因下的影响效果的差异。         研究结果表明，上市公司发生的高管变更显著加剧成本粘性，高管变更对成本粘性的加剧作用在不同的业绩波动程度下和在不同的高管变更原因下有差异。具体而言，当业绩波动较大时，高管变更对成本粘性的加剧作用更大，而非正常原因的高管变更也能在更大程度上加剧成本粘性。         研究结果在理论上丰富了高管变更经济后果和成本粘性影响因素等方面的成果，在实践中对上市公司完善高管人力资源计划、提高高管变更期间成本管理水平以及帮助利益相关者深刻地认清高管变更对上市公司带来的影响具有一定的指导意义。     

何以中国？ ——世界时代的自我理解与共同命运

中国自我的理解过程既是自己蜕变和升华的上升之道,也是世界文明前进过程中的重要参照系。中西各有优劣,去其糟稗,合其精髓,则有望熔铸为一体,成真正的"世界哲学",即在求同存异前提下不断向"一"的"道"推进的人类精神产物,而中国传统思想的开放性和包容性决定了我们在这个漫长的建设过程中具有优先的地位和责无旁贷的使命。中华文明的特质在于诗史传统,其目的不是知识论证,而是教化君子、整齐世道。诗史礼乐既是存在基础,又是运转机制,更是美好生活的动力。其思想根源不是无生命、无等级、无温情、无敬畏心的"本体论",而是谦卑、秩序、生动、整全、和谐的宇宙论或天道观。总之,现代性的危机要求我们"回头",本质上就是回到"中国",冀以旧邦新命而克绍大业。     

Forest structure and anthropogenic disturbances regulate plant invasion in urban forests

Urban forest ecosystems, the structure, and functions therein are subjected to anthropogenic disturbances. Native and sensitive species from those forests might be lost due to such disturbances. At the same time, supplemented anthropogenic resources might create opportunities for exotic and invasive species. Although invasive species are considered one of the major threats to the urban biodiversity and ecosystems, the research on invasion dynamics in the Himalayas has primarily focused on the impacts of invasion on forest structure and productivity. This study aims to understand the influence of forest structure and anthropogenic factors in invasion success that are poorly covered in the existing literature. We selected 11 urban forest patches for the study considering the presence-absence of selected invasive species and structural attributes. We used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce co-linearity in the covariates and generalized linear mixed effects model (GLMM) to identify the factors affecting invasion success. We found that forest structural attributes, namely, tree diameter, height and canopy cover, and anthropogenic disturbances regulate invasion success in urban forests. This implies that maintaining urban forest structural attributes, especially the stands with large-sized trees, is essential to control invasion in the context of urbanization.

     

Pathways to social value and social change: An integrative review of the social entrepreneurship literature

Social entrepreneurship has emerged as an important means of addressing grand challenges. Although research on the topic has accelerated, scholars have yet to articulate an overarching framework that links the different pathways taken by social entrepreneurs with the positive effects of these efforts. To address this shortcoming, we conducted a systematic literature review which enabled us to conceptually differentiate between social value and social change as distinct outcomes of social entrepreneurship and identify seven pathways for achieving these outcomes. Building on our analysis, we outline a research agenda for questions pertaining to: the dynamics between social value and social change; how contextual factors and social entrepreneurs influence various pathways; design principles of business models and innovations that facilitate social value and social change; and defining, measuring, and ensuring accountability for social value and social change.     

Investment and Competitive Matching

We study markets in which agents first make investments and are then matched into potentially productive partnerships. Equilibrium investments and the equilibrium matching will be efficient if agents can simultaneously negotiate investments and matches, but we focus on markets in which agents must first sink their investments before matching. Additional equilibria may arise in this sunk‐investment setting, even though our matching market is competitive. These equilibria exhibit inefficiencies that we can interpret as coordination failures. All allocations satisfying a constrained efficiency property are equilibria, and the converse holds if preferences satisfy a separability condition. We identify sufficient conditions (most notably, quasiconcave utilities) for the investments of matched agents to satisfy an exchange efficiency property as well as sufficient conditions (most notably, a single crossing property) for agents to be matched positive assortatively, with these conditions then forming the core of sufficient conditions for the efficiency of equilibrium allocations.     

Is peer regulation perceived as an effective mediator to strengthen the mission orientation of INGO leaders?

International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) operate in competitive funding markets and face political pressures, which can incentivize their leaders to compromise their mission-oriented strategy for more resource security. This article empirically investigates whether INGO leaders perceive peer regulation as an effective governance mechanism that allows them to strengthen their mission-oriented strategy to withstand these economic and political constraints. In particular, we assess whether peer regulation is perceived to promote organizational learning processes. We test a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) based on a unique data set from an international survey among 201 INGO leaders from 21 countries. Our findings suggest that INGO leaders indeed perceive that peer regulation strengthens their mission orientation, despite the economic competition and political opportunity constraints their organization faces. This effect is partially mediated by organizational learning processes. Our findings are based on a constructivist perspective that emphasizes the learneffect of peer regulation on INGOs' strategic orientation, and allows the derivation of several managerial recommendations to foster INGOs' strategic autonomy.     

我国农村老年人生命终末期的居住安排与健康研究——来自CLHLS 1998-2014年的证据

利用中国老年人健康影响因素1998-2014年跟踪调查数据,实证研究了农村老年人在生命终末期居住安排与健康之间的关系.研究发现,超过3/4的农村老年人生命终末期都保持或转移到与(孙)子女居住;无配偶、患有日常生活活动能力障碍、患有认知障碍的老年人在生命终末期更容易转移到与(孙)子女居住,而有配偶的老年人仅有部分转移到与(孙)子女居住;无配偶身体状况较好的老年人在生命终末期更容易独居,但同期死亡的风险大大增加.考虑到老年人生命终末期居住安排和健康的影响,当前农村应当发展以支持家庭为重点的居家临终关怀,同时注重发展机构临终关怀等正式的善终服务.     

民营企业政治关联对财务柔性储备的替代作用研究

 民营企业因普遍面临制度性歧视而加剧了其环境不确定性和融资约束，保持一定水平的财务柔性储备以及积极培育和寻求政治关联成为摆脱困境的重要途径。已有研究多从现金水平或负债水平某一方面探讨与政治关联的关系，尚缺乏基于柔性视角全面而深入地研究政治关联与财务柔性储备的关系。        基于2011年至2014年民营上市公司数据，经筛选形成4 031个公司-年度样本观测值。运用企业层面群聚调整的混合OLS模型，实证检验政治关联与财务柔性储备的相关性，借助2012年底反腐败政策集中出台这一准自然实验，采用双重差分方法，考察反腐败冲击对二者关系的影响。        研究结果表明，在民营企业普遍面临制度性歧视背景下，政治关联对企业财务柔性储备具有一定的替代作用，且政治关联度越高替代作用越强；反腐败的冲击显著减弱高强度政治关联对财务柔性储备的替代作用，但对于低强度政治关联反腐败的冲击效果不显著，可见反腐败的冲击作用不是等量齐观的；不同政治关联主体对财务柔性储备的替代作用不同，实际控制人政治关联具有显著的替代作用，董事长(总经理)政治关联的替代作用统计上不显著。        民营企业在国民经济发展中的重要地位日益凸显，但其面临的制度性歧视问题始终没有得到根本解决，这促使民营企业产生强烈的政治寻租动机，通过政治关联获得的金融资源替代企业的财务柔性储备。政府应减少行政干预，弱化民营企业的政治关联激励，建立更加公平的市场竞争环境。研究结果为减少政府干预、提高金融资源市场化配置程度等政策提供了经验支持，同时发现本轮反腐败一定程度上具有从源头弱化民营企业政治关联激励的作用。     

时制,时态和情态条件触发的作格-分裂现象探讨

由时制,时态和情态(TAM)因素触发的作格-分裂系统在作格语言中倍受关注.其中影响参数理论,给物性参数理论以及视点角度和自然关注点理论极具代表性.在对比研究的基础上,本文倾向于Delancey,认为在许多语言中主格和绝对格与动词的一致关系是一种"视点" 的类别标志,即说话者描述事件的角度.作格-分裂系统中格标记的模式反映了最自然的视点与关注点之间的冲突.但同时指出,对作格-分裂现象的探讨不应排除语法因素.