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151.
袁嘉祖 《北京林业大学学报(社会科学版)》2002,(Z1)
该文从中国人口快速增长、经济建设加快、用水量逐年增大 ,加上气候变暖、少雨干旱将持续到 2 0 15年 ,我国北方水生态环境日趋恶化现状 ,说明在丰水区筑坝截流、调丰补歉势在必行 ,完全符合生态经济学发展原则和国际水法 相似文献
152.
Formulae are provided that define the ‘bend points’, the beginning and end of the essentially linear dose–response region, for the four‐parameter logistic model. The formulae are expressed in both response and dose units. The derivation of the formulae is shown in order to illustrate the general nature of the methodology. Examples are given that describe how the formulae may be used while planning and conducting bioassays. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
153.
154.
In this article, we describe a straightforward method for solving the probability of at least one malignant cell by time t, and the associated hazard function, in the general (i.e., nonhomogeneous) two-stage Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson (MVK) model of cancer. The method consists of solving four coupled ordinary differential equations derived from the Kolmogorov backward equations for this process. The relationship of this method to previously proposed solutions is discussed. 相似文献
155.
In multiple linear regression analysis, each observation affects the fitted regression equation differently and has varying influences on the regression coefficients of the different variables. Chatterjee & Hadi (1988) have proposed some measures such as DSSEij (Impact on Residual Sum of Squares of simultaneously omitting the ith observation and the jth variable), Fj (Partial F-test for the jth variable) and Fj(i) (Partial F-test for the jth variable omitting the ith observation) to show the joint impact and the interrelationship that exists among a variable and an observation. In this paper we have proposed more extended form of those measures DSSEIJ, FJ and FJ(I) to deal with the interrelationships that exist among the multiple observations and a subset of variables by monitoring the effects of the simultaneous omission of multiple variables and multiple observations. 相似文献
156.
The government, the market, and the problem of catastrophic loss 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
George L. Priest 《Journal of Risk and Uncertainty》1996,12(2-3):219-237
This article addresses the comparative advantage of the government to the private property/casualty insurance industry for the provision of insurance coverage for catastrophic losses. That the government can play an important role as an insurer of societal losses has been a central public policy principle since at least the New Deal. In addition, our government typically automatically provides forms of specific relief following unusually severe or unexpected disasters, which itself can be viewed as a form of ex post insurance. This article argues that, for systemic reasons, the government is much less effective than the private property/casualty insurance market in providing coverage of losses generally, but especially of losses in contexts of catastrophes. 相似文献
157.
P. Battipaglia 《Statistical Methods and Applications》1996,5(2):179-202
Summary The evaluation of the performance of seasonal adjustment procedures is an issue of practical importance in view of the unobservable
nature of the components. Looking at just one indicator when judging the overall quality of a procedure may be misleading,
even though this is common practice when many series are involved.
The main purpose of this paper is to compare the information content of different synthetic indicators with reference to the
X-11-ARIMA procedure.
Sixty-six different types of monthly seasonal series are generated and the seasonal component then extracted by carrying out
X-11-ARIMA with standard options. The correlation between the pseudo-true error for each series and various synthetic indicators
allows us to compare the latter's reliability, under both the hypotheses of minimum and maximum variance of the pseudo-true
seasonal component.
We show that the overall quality indexQ-the indicator most commonly adopted by users of the X-11-ARIMA-is always outperformed by the simpler diagnostics based on
the stability of the estimates.
In particular, the “sliding-spans” indicator, proposed by Findley et al. (1990) and included in the diagnostics of the new
X-12 procedure, shows a much stronger correlation with the pseudo-true error in the seasonal adjustment.
We also show that the total forecasting errors in the one-year-ahead extrapolation of the seasonal component have a good informative
power and perform almost as well as the “sliding-spans” indicator. 相似文献
158.
The authors examined nineteen nonprofit performing arts organizations, investigating the distribution of influence among organizational members, the grouping of volunteers and staff in organizational structures, and the effectiveness of the organizations. The organizations' effectiveness was assessed using multiple performance indicators. The analysis revealed five groupings or configurations of influence, which correlated to the organizations exhibiting the highest and lowest levels of organizational effectiveness. The authors conclude that a variety of structures are associated with good performance but structural dysfunctions are associated with organizational failure, and that members' commitment to an organization's structure is an important element of success. 相似文献
159.
Hansen PE 《Mathematical Population Studies》1989,2(1):37-67
A review of the Leslie matrix model theory and its literature 1941-1987 is presented. The point of view is that of a mathematician who focuses on the parts of the theory which are relevant to demography. Works of a decidedly applied nature are not dealt with. 相似文献
160.
Pollard JH 《Mathematical Population Studies》1989,2(1):1-14
Mortality data are often gathered using 5-year age groups rather than individual years of life. Furthermore, it is common practice to use a large open-ended interval (such as 85 and over) for mortality data at the older ages. These limitations of the data pose problems for the actuary or demographer who wishes to compile a full and accurate life table using individual years of life. The author devises formulae which handle these problems. He also devises methods for handling mortality during the 1st year of life and for dealing with other technical problems which arise in the compilation of the full life table from grouped data. 相似文献