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991.
Anna?L.?D.?LauEmail author Robert?A.?Cummins Wenda?Mcpherson 《Social indicators research》2005,72(3):403-430
The Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI) is being developed for the cross-cultural measurement of subjective wellbeing (SWB). This paper reports the findings of its utility with the Hong Kong Chinese and Australian populations. An item on affect, ‘satisfaction with own happiness’ was also investigated to determine whether it should be added to the index. Three-hundred and sixty participants (180 per country), with equal representation from groups aged 18–35, 35–64 and 65 years and above, were recruited from each country. The PWI demonstrated good psychometric performance in terms of its reliability, validity and sensitivity, which are comparable in both countries. The item ‘satisfaction with own happiness’ was found to contribute significantly to the scale’s psychometric performance in Australia but not in Hong Kong. Cultural differences in the perception of the concepts ‘satisfaction’ and ‘happiness’ were suggested as an explanation for this finding. The PWI data are also consistent with homeostasis theory, which proposes that each person’s SWB level is maintained within a limited positive range. For the Australian population, their mean SWB level fell within the established Western range of 70–80, on a scale from 0 to 100. The Hong Kong population, however, fell below this range. Cultural response bias was identified as a plausible explanation for the differences between the Hong Kong and Australian samples. 相似文献
992.
993.
994.
Cognitive Models of Fertility Decline in Oaxaca City,Mexico 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper presents a systematic analysis of the culture of natality. In the first section, I present an extended definition of culture informed by cognitive anthropology and evolutionary biology. I argue that culture is an adaptation and a virtual environment with which humans must interact in order to survive and reproduce in a given physical environment. In the second section, I present a qualitative and quantitative analysis of qualitative interview data collected in Oaxaca City, Mexico, on reproductive behavior. The analysis examines evidence of cultural differences and similarities. I conclude by discussing implications for a theory of fertility decline. 相似文献
995.
Joseph?M.?N.?PitsoEmail author Gordon?A.?Carmichael 《Journal of Population Research》2003,20(2):187-202
This paper examines the diminished importance of marriage as a setting for childbearing in Botswana. It uses qualitative data
gathered in Thamaga Village during 1995 to explore the cultural basis of this development. Marriage practices and traditional
attitudes to marriage, childbearing and sexual relations are reviewed, and factors identified as having undermined them are
discussed. Rational adaptation theory and social disorganization theory then provide a framework within which forces encouraging
premarital childbearing in Thamaga are investigated. Both theories are found to be useful. Especially where women are older,
premarital childbearing is often strategic and goaldirected, providing a sense of self-worth, labour and old-age security.
In many other cases, however, it reflects spontaneous sexual activity generated by the undermining of social controls and
inauspicious economic circumstances. Societal attitudes to premarital motherhood become less condemnatory after about age
25, as women are judged to have waited long enough for marriage. 相似文献
996.
This paper examines factors underlying family migration. Based on a sample of stable Finnish families, both short- and long-distance migration is investigated. The empirical analysis carried out using multinomial logit modelling shows a strong negative association between the family life-cycle and migration. The findings indicate that migration takes place mainly due to the demands of the husbands career, resulting in the wives being tied migrants. Two-earner families are less migratory, and in that sense the husbands are tied stayers. Distance matters; several differences are noticed between short- and long-distance migrants.Financial support from the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation (project no. 4271) is gratefully acknowledged. I would like to thank two anonymous referees for their helpful comments on this paper. I also wish to thank Kari Hälänen, Sari Pekkala and Hannu Tervo for their comments on an earlier version of this paper. Responsible editor: John F. Ermisch. 相似文献
997.
Joaquina?Palomar?LeverEmail author Nuria?Lanzagorta?Pi?ol Jorge?Hernández?Uralde 《Social indicators research》2005,73(3):375-408
This study was carried out for the purpose of explaining the mediating effects of a number of psychological variables (strategies for coping with stress, competitiveness, mastery, locus of control, depression and self-esteem) in the relationship between poverty and the well-being of individuals. To carry out the study, a non-probabilistic, stratified sample was used, with the participation of 918 inhabitants of Mexico City from three socioeconomic levels: extremely poor, moderately poor and not poor. A structural model was used for the analysis and treatment of data, and on the basis of that model, it was proven that there are different trajectories (mediations) through which poverty influences subjective well-being. The findings are discussed in light of the literature. 相似文献
998.
Alex?C.?MichalosEmail author Harvey?V.?Thommasen Rua?Read Nancy?Anderson Bruno?D.?Zumbo 《Social indicators research》2005,72(1):1-50
The aim of this investigation is to obtain some baseline self-reported data on the health status and overall quality of life of all residents of the Bella Coola Valley of British Columbia aged 17 years or older, and to measure the impact of a set of designated health determinants on their health and quality of life. In the period from August to November 2001, a variety of procedures were used to ensure that all eligible residents of the Valley received a copy of our questionnaire, and 687 useable questionnaires were obtained for our working dataset. Health status was measured by SF-36 and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control healthy days items. Thirty-one items were used to measure the Provincial Health Officer’s designated determinants of health in four clusters, namely, biological, social and economic, health behaviours and health services determinants. Quality of life was measured by satisfaction levels in 13 specific domains of life (e.g., family, financial security), four global items (e.g., happiness, life satisfaction) and one global Subjective Well-Being Index. Besides obtaining baseline figures on all our measures for the Valley, we made some comparisons among our figures and those from other areas, e.g., Prince George, BC. Most of the measures indicated that the health status and quality of life of Bella Coola Valley residents were lower than those of Prince George residents. For the sample as a whole, SF-36 scores on the eight dimensions ran from 82.3 (physical functioning) to 50.0 (social functioning), with a mean of 62.7. Residents in the Valley averaged 6.5 days in the past 30 in which their health was physically not good, 5.5 days when it was mentally not good and 4.1 days when their health limited their usual daily activities. Eleven percent of respondents described their general health as “excellent” and another 27% said it was “very good”. On a 7-point scale from 1=very dissatisfied to 7=very satisfied, respondents had average life satisfaction and satisfaction with the overall quality of life scores of 5.5. For specific domains of life, the lowest mean level of satisfaction was reported for federal and provincial government officials (3.3) and the highest was reported for living partners and personal safety around home (5.8). Regarding bivariate relations, each of the eight dimensions of SF-36 was significantly correlated with a single item measure of general health, and five of the eight were significantly correlated with the number of good health days. Happiness and the Subjective Well-Being Index were positively but moderately correlated with six of the eight dimensions, and life satisfaction was positively correlated with five. Age was negatively related to general health, but positively related to life satisfaction. Not being of aboriginal descent was positively related to all of the four global health indicators and to the Subjective Well-Being Index. Education was positively related to the four global health measures but not to the three global quality of life measures. The Social Support and Good Family Indexes were positively related to all seven global measures. There was a positive correlation between six of the seven global measures and the frequency with which respondents participated in activities sponsored by voluntary organizations. Frequency of smoking was negatively associated with every global dependent variable except the Physical Health Index. Frequency of skipping meals was negatively associated and average hours of sleep per night was positively associated with all seven global measures. Turning to multivariate relationships, the four clusters of health determinants explained from 12% (SF-36 Mental Health Index) to 24% (general health) of the variance in the dependent global health variables, and from 20% (happiness) to 26% (Subjective Well-Being Index) of the variance in the dependent global quality of life variables. Adding domain satisfaction scores to the total set of predictors allowed us to explain from 20% (SF-36 Mental health Index) to 29% (general health) of the variance in the dependent global health variables, and from 39% (happiness) to 62% (life satisfaction) in the dependent global quality of life variables. By including measures of social support and good family relationships in our set of health determinants, we practically guaranteed that the latter would be relatively strongly predictive of global quality of life. 相似文献
999.
Yosiaki It? 《Researches on Population Ecology》1985,27(2):333-349
Summary More than 50% of nests ofRopalidia fasciata were founded by association of foundresses (multifemale nests). The multifemale nests were generally initiated earlier and
grew faster than the single-female nests. The survival rate of the multifemale nests was significantly higher than that of
single-female nests, and the productivity as measured by the number of cells produced per foundress had a peak at a foundress-group
size from 6 to 10. The number of marked foundresses which were seen on their original nest decreased as the colony cycle proceeded,
but some of them continued to coexist on the original nests after emergency of many female progeny. Except in the case where
a large number of foundresses attended a young nest so that some foundresses could not sit on the nest, the dominance interactions
among cofoundresses were mild. More than twothirds (71.4%) of nests (including those at the post-emergence stage) had multiple
egg-layers. The foundress association in this species is considered to be beneficial for every foundress because it raises
ability to avoid predation or to reconstruct their nests when the nests are destroyed by typhoons.
This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Special Project Research on Biological Aspect of Optimal Strategy and
Social Structure from the Japan Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. 相似文献
1000.
Population Dynamics and Tropical Deforestation: State of the Debate and Conceptual Challenges 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David?L.?CarrEmail author Laurel?Suter Alisson?Barbieri 《Population and environment》2005,27(1):89-113
What is the role of population in driving deforestation? This question was put forth as a discussion topic in the cyberseminar
hosted by Population Environment Research Network (PERN) in Spring, 2003. Contributors from diverse backgrounds weighed in
on the discussion, citing key factors in the population-deforestation nexus and suggesting further courses of action and research.
Participants explored themes of their own choosing, with many coming to the forefront. Scale, time, and place-based effects
were cited as areas in need of particular attention. Consumption patterns as the mechanism for spurring deforestation were
discussed, drawing attention to the differential patterns associated with urban vs. rural demands on forest resources and
land. The applicability of the IPAT formula and the influence of its component parts, affluence and technology, when operating
in tandem with population, was debated. The relation of demographic factors to these pathways was critically examined. Institutional
and governmental influence, such as infrastructure and policies affecting access and incentives, the valuation of resources,
and institutional failures such as mismanagement and corruption emerged as a crucial set of factors. This article synthesizes
the critical debates in the population-deforestation literature, makes suggestions for future paths of research, and discussed
possible policy and direct action initiatives. 相似文献