REDUCED DISTANCE MEASURES AND TRANSFORMATIONS IN PROCESSING MULTIVARIATE OUTLIERS

The study of multivariate outliers raises many problems of definition, principle and manipulation. Well-authenticated tests of discordancy exist only for the multivariate normal distribution. Detection of outliers in non-normal distributions involves the adoption of appropriate criteria to represent 'extremeness' of observations in a sample; corresponding tests of discordancy usually require tedious, or even intractable, distributional and computational manipulations. A class of transformations of the data is considered with a view of transferring some of the familiar and desirable features of discordancy tests for normal samples to non-normal situations.     

Outliers in sample surveys

Outliers can as readily arise in sample survey (i.e. finite population) data as in samples from infinite populations. For infinite populations, an extensive methodology exists: very little has been written on the finite population case. We shall explore matters of definition and concept to formulate some basic principles for handling outliers in sample survey data. Some existing methods for outlier accommodation are reviewed and proposals are made for the dual problem of outlier tests of discordancy.     

The Market Response to the Sioux City DC-10 Crash

The 1989 DC-10 crash at Sioux City, Iowa presented a rare instance in which a potential threat to safety was both (i) intensely publicized over a short period and (ii) also amenable to the unobtrusive measurement of the market reaction it evoked. As such, it allowed a useful case study of the extent and duration of behavior change caused by a frightening event. Using reservations data from travel agencies in five states, this paper estimates the short-term effects of the Sioux City crash on passenger willingness to fly the DC-10. The data suggest that, in the first few weeks after the crash, more than one third of travelers who would normally have booked DC-10 flights chose instead to fly other aircraft. Within 2 months of the disaster, however, DC-10 bookings rebounded to within 10% of the level that would have been expected had the Sioux City crash not occurred. At no time, apparently, did the airlines that operate DC-10s use their "yield-management" computer pricing systems unofficially to lower DC-10 fares relative to those on other types of plane.     

Work‐Family Enrichment and Conflict: Additive Effects,Buffering, or Balance?

We used data from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS I) (N = 2,031) to compare three models of how work‐family conflict and enrichment might operate to predict well‐being (mental health, life satisfaction, affect balance, partner relationship quality). We found no support for a relative‐difference model in which the conflict‐enrichment balance predicted outcomes. In the work‐to‐family direction, the additive model fit best: Both work‐to‐family conflict and work‐to‐family enrichment were independently linked to outcomes. In the family‐to‐work direction, the interactive model fit best: Family‐to‐work enrichment buffered the negative outcomes ordinarily linked to family‐to‐work conflict. Enrichment is key because with the additive model, it contributed incremental explanatory power, and with the buffering model, it conditioned conflict‐outcome relationships. Work‐to‐family conflict and family‐to‐work enrichment appeared particularly salient for well‐being.     

浅谈西澳文学作品对海洋的关注

海洋一直是澳大利亚文学作品关注的焦点。在澳大利亚文学的发展过程中,对海洋的描写和关注已然成为澳洲作家和作品必不可少的一个部分。本文主要介绍了西澳作家及其文学作品对海洋的关注,并罗列了当今西澳文学界的主要作家及其关注海洋的主要作品,阐述了海洋话题在澳洲文学作品发展史上的普遍性和重要性。     

Computing some bayes estimates for the mean of a normal distribution

For sampling from a normal population with unknown mean, two families of prior densities for the mean are discussed. The corresponding posterior densities are found. A data analyst may choose a prior from these families to represent prior beliefs and then compute the corresponding Bayes estimator, using the techniques discussed.     

eDiary and Female Sexual Distress Scale© in Evaluating Distress in Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD)

Sex-related distress is integral to the diagnosis of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). This article describes the results of three prospective, non-treatment validation studies (two North American and one European), each testing over 200 participants with HSDD, other types of female sexual dysfunction (FSD), or no FSD in which the 12-item Female Sexual Distress Scale^© (FSDS^©), the 13-item FSDS–Revised^©(FSDS–R^©), and a single question asked using a daily electronic diary (the eDiary For HSDD Trials^©; eDiary) were used to measure sex-related distress. FSDS results with 30- and seven-day recall were equivalent. The results observed with FSDS–R Item 13 (a single question assessing concern due to low sexual desire) were comparable to the FSDS. Mean eDiary monthly distress scores were closer to the minimum possible score (equivalent to “a little bit” of distress) and were about twice as variable as FSDS or FSDS–R Item 13 scores in participants with HSDD. All three measures confirmed that there is more distress in women with HSDD compared to women with no sexual dysfunction at all time points, demonstrating discriminant validity.