族群、社会流动与公共政策:美英比较

编辑书籍就是把不同思维的观点编纂在一起。同时,在多数情况下,选择那些不同的思维都是为了一定的目的。我们这本书的目的可以从题目直接感觉到:“族群、社会流动与公共政策:美英比较”。编者把这么多的学者组合到一起的基本设想主要有两个:社会流动是一个     

Black Movements Need Black Theorizing: Exposing Implicit Whiteness in Political Process Theory

The history of racism in the United States has produced a paradox in social movement literature: blackness shaped the character and substance of black antiracist mobilization, but whiteness shapes most analysis of their efforts. Despite frequently using the black Civil Rights Movement for theory development and testing, leading theorists have yet to identify a specific theory of race undergirding their analysis or explaining how racism impacts the trajectory of antiracist social movements. Instead, theorists rely on common white-privileging notions of race that hinder analyses of black movements. I critically analyze political process theory (PPT) from a racial perspective, showing that the dominant critiques of PPT stem from PPT creators’ failure to critically theorize race while analyzing the Civil Rights Movement. Theorists implicitly adopted white-centered perspectives that ultimately undermined PPT’s development. I conclude with a call to simultaneously theorize collective action and the system of inequality with which a movement is engaged.     

Do theories of crime or violence explain race differences in delinquency?

We examine race differences in delinquency using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. We use a new method that permits an examination of offense specialization. We argue that an examination of offense patterns provides an opportunity for testing theoretical explanations of race effects. If race differences in violent crime reflect race differences in serious crime, then theories of crime can explain race effects. Otherwise, theories of violence are needed to explain the phenomenon. Our results suggest that black adolescents have higher rates of violence, particularly armed violence, but they do not have higher rates of serious (or minor) property or drug crime. Race differences in violence are generally stronger for adolescents who would otherwise be at lower risk: girls and adolescents from educated and intact families. Puerto Rican adolescents also have higher rates of violence than Anglos, but other Hispanic groups do not. We conclude with a discussion of the implication of the empirical literature (including our results) for various theoretical explanations of race differences in violence.     

Career Research From an Action Perspective: The Self-Confrontation Procedure

A videotape playback procedure (self-confrontation) following a career-related conversation is proposed as a means of studying career development from an action perspective. This perspective is premised on an understanding of career development as intentional, goal-directed, and occurring in a social context. In this article, a career conversation between a parent and an adolescent is used to illustrate the procedure. During the individual playback, the participants are asked for their thoughts and feelings (cognitions) while the conversation took place, and their interpretation of it. The categories used in the analysis are described. This procedure provides contextually-sensitive and empirically-grounded data useful for researchers and practitioners.     

A Miracle Metaphor for Family Therapy*

This paper is a chronicle of miracle narratives in family therapy. It suggests that change is a manifold and often comes unexpectedly from life, which places it outside the control of the theory and technology of family therapy. A miracle is defined not in supernatural language, so much as a co-incidence of events that fall together' to form a narrative for change. As poetic metaphor, miracles evoke in the family therapist an aesthetics of wonder and a ‘holy curiosity’. The miracle metaphor is illustrated by several examples from family therapy practice, and is discussed in relation to recent deconstructive theory.     

HIV/AIDS among youth: A community needs assessment study

Adolescents remain at great risk for HIV transmission and contracting AIDS. Health education, preventive methods, and direct clinical intervention represent major strategies in combating this disease. In order to help increase the effectiveness of these activities, University faculty and a county health agency collaborated to conducted an extensive HIV/AIDS needs assessment of adolescents. The survey included high school, middle school, and community youth (N=1567). Results showed a relatively high level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, yet participation in risk behavior which did not correlate with knowledge. Data suggested that parents and school were important sources of information about HIV/AIDS. Implications for social work practice and policy are discussed.The research was funded by the U.S. Conference of Mayors and done in collaboration with the Lucas County Health Department, Toledo, Ohio.     

DISTRIBUTION FREE MULTIPLE COMPARISONS FOR MONOTONICALLY ORDERED TREATMENT EFFECTS

A method of calculating simultaneous one-sided confidence intervals for all ordered pairwise differences of the treatment effects_j–_i, 1 i < j k, in a one-way model without any distributional assumptions is discussed. When it is known a priori that the treatment effects satisfy the simple ordering_1k, these simultaneous confidence intervals offer the experimenter a simple way of determining which treatment effects may be declared to be unequal, and is more powerful than the usual two-sided Steel-Dwass procedure. Some exact critical points required by the confidence intervals are presented for k= 3 and small sample sizes, and other methods of critical point determination such as asymptotic approximation and simulation are discussed.