A longitudinal examination of the membership patterns of minorities and women in referral unions

In an examination of the membership patterns of minorities and women in building and nonbuilding trade referral unions between 1969 and 1979, results reveal that variations in referral union membership can be substantially accounted for by race and sex. Longitudinally, no meaningful changes in the racial composition of referral unions exist, while the sexual composition within building and nonbuilding trade union categories change significantly over time. More importantly, however, male / female representation patterns across both referral union categories over the ten-year period remain fairly constant relative to one another.     

Changes in the Family

SUMMARY. Written during a period of rapid change, this paper analyses a number of factors which are combining to create a changing world for children. Demographic trends are leading to lower fertility, declining populations and increasing longevity; the norms of traditional family life are weakening with increases in marital breakdown, single parenthood and births outside marriage; and this is compounded by a deterioration in the support services of the welfare state. It is argued that parents cannot escape responsibility for their children, but as increasingly individualistic value systems give greater freedom to adults, it is suggested that these gains might be at the expense of the children. The paper concludes by looking at possibilities for change, so that the quality of childhood essential to civilisation may be restored.     

PHYSICIAN RESPONSE TO A MAILED SURVEY AN EXPERIMENT IN TIMING OF PAYMENT

This article reports the results of an experiment in obtainingphysician response to a mailed questionnaire. Each physicianwas eligible for a payment of $20. A randomly selected halfreceived the payment with their initial questionnaire and coverletter; half were told they would receive their payment afterthey completed and returned the questionnaire. The same mailand telephone followup procedures were used for both groups.Overall, prepayment had significant positive effects on responserates. This paper examines these effects in terms of responserates for various specialties, field efficiencies, cost, andrepresentativeness of the sample.     

A life satisfaction measure based on judgment theory

A life satisfaction measure is developed in this paper drawn from a judgment-type theory. This measure is based on the theoretical notion of life satisfaction being a function of a comparison between perceived life accomplishments and a set of evoked standards. These standards are classified as to their derivative sources (e.g., the life accomplishments of relatives, friends, associates, past experience, self-concept of strengths and weaknesses, and average person in a similar position) and different forms (e.g., standards based on ideal, expected, deserved, minimum tolerable, and predicted outcomes). Two studies were conducted on the elderly to ascertain the internally consistent and possessing construct validity correlations through high and internally consistent and possessing construct validity correlations through high and positive correlations with the Delighted-Terrible Life Satisfaction Scale; through significant and positive correlations with cognitive age, income, employment, education, marital status, social contact, activity, religiosity, morale, television viewership, and selfrated health; and through nonsignificant correlations with chronological age, gender, and parenthood.     

Countertransference,resistance and frame management in the psychotherapy of a 15 year old anorexic and her mother

Countertransference is a rich source of understanding of client dynamics but can be difficult to detect. A case vignette is used to illustrate how changes in the arrangements of therapy should be viewed as red flags alerting the therapist to possible countertransference. By paying careful attention to the client's derivative response to the therapist's agreeing to a request for a change in appointment times, the therapist was able to understand the unconscious motive behind the request, as well as her own countertransference reasons for participating in the resistance expressed in the request. When, based on this under-standing, the therapist was then able to hold to the framework and maintain the previous appointment schedule, this furthered the treatment by providing a model for introjection and by promoting understanding rather than acting out. In complicated therapy situations where treatment of more than one family member by a single therapist is indicated, such careful attention to the framework and to the client's derivative response to the therapist's interventions is particularly important.An earlier version of this paper was presented before the Annual Conference of the Washington State Society for Clinical Social Work on May 14, 1984.     

Estimation of Dietary Exposure to Chemicals: A Case Study Illustrating Methods of Distributional Analyses for Food Consumption Data

There are a number of sources of variability in food consumption patterns and residue levels of a particular chemical (e.g., pesticide, food additive) in commodities that lead to an expected high level of variability in dietary exposures across a population. This paper focuses on examples of consumption pattern survey data for specific commodities, namely that for wine and grape juice, and demonstrates how such data might be analyzed in preparation for performing stochastic analyses of dietary exposure. Data from the NIAAA/NHIS wine consumption survey were subset for gender and age group and, with matched body weight data from the survey database, were used to define empirically-based percentile estimates for wine intake (μl wine/kg body weight) for the strata of interest. The data for these two subpopulations were analyzed to estimate 14-day consumption distributional statistics and distributions for only those days on which wine was consumed. Data subsets for all wine-consuming adults and wine-consuming females ages 18 through 45, were determined to fit a lognormal distribution ( R ²= 0.99 for both datasets). Market share data were incorporated into estimation of chronic exposures to hypothetical chemical residues in imported table wine. As a separate example, treatment of grape juice consumption data for females, ages 18–40, as a simple lognormal distribution resulted in a significant underestimation of intake, and thus exposure, because the actual distribution is a mixture (i.e., multiple subpopulations of grape juice consumers exist in the parent distribution). Thus, deriving dietary intake statistics from food consumption survey data requires careful analysis of the underlying empirical distributions.