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71.
The shadow of the past: how experience affects behavior in an iterated prisoner’s dilemma experiment
Heike Hennig-Schmidt Ulrike Leopold-Wildburger 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2014,84(6):865-878
We study the development of cooperation in a repeated prisoner’s dilemma experiment with teams as players, unknown length and unknown continuation probability as it could happen between traders regularly. To characterize real-world frictions our players are rematched with a new team twice. In such a situation—often found outside the laboratory—agents can get an idea on the likely duration of future interactions by relying on prior experience. Our main finding is that participants apparently transform the infinite-horizon situation into a finite-horizon situation. Not only do we observe decay in cooperation but also unraveling towards the end of a matching. We found a pronounced restart effect of cooperation that induces a steady rise in average cooperation over matchings. Such an effect is not observed after the unexpected continuation of the third match. Stable cooperation paths of considerable length are induced when both players start the matching with joint cooperative moves. We can draw some interesting conclusions from the behavior of the partners for commercial market situations. 相似文献
72.
Assessing switchability for biosimilar products: modelling approaches applied to children's growth 下载免费PDF全文
Rossella Belleli Roland Fisch Didier Renard Heike Woehling Sandro Gsteiger 《Pharmaceutical statistics》2015,14(4):341-349
The present paper describes two statistical modelling approaches that have been developed to demonstrate switchability from the original recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) formulation (Genotropin®) to a biosimilar product (Omnitrope®) in children suffering from growth hormone deficiency. Demonstrating switchability between rhGH products is challenging because the process of growth varies with the age of the child and across children. The first modelling approach aims at predicting individual height measured at several time‐points after switching to the biosimilar. The second modelling approach provides an estimate of the deviation from the overall growth rate after switching to the biosimilar, which can be regarded as an estimate of switchability. The results after applying these approaches to data from a randomized clinical trial are presented. The accuracy and precision of the predictions made using the first approach and the small deviation from switchability estimated with the second approach provide sufficient evidence to conclude that switching from Genotropin® to Omnitrope® has a very small effect on growth, which is neither statistically significant nor clinically relevant. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献