Network public goods with asymmetric information about cooperation preferences and network degree

We propose a game theoretical model of one-shot network public goods formalizing the ‘closure argument’ that cooperation is more frequent in denser groups or networks. Equilibrium analyses show that (i) an ‘inefficiency problem’ exists: players all preferring mutual cooperation need not all cooperate; (ii) in dyads, groups and networks with degree independence, first order stochastic dominance shifts of the distribution of cooperation preferences or the degree distribution (weakly) increases cooperation, and (iii) the latter result does not hold for networks with degree dependence. Hence the closure argument always holds in networks satisfying degree independence but not in other networks.     

At the Crossroads of Three Worlds (1943)* By Frederick/Bedřich Fried,New York

Israel and the USSR—An Exercise in Palm‐Reading. Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, with Judith Apter. Israel and the Soviet Union: Alienation or Reconciliation? Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985. 303pp. Index.

Finding a New World. Victor Ripp, From Moscow to Main Street: Among the Russian Emigrés. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1984. 247pp.

The Jewish Contribution to Soviet Culture. Jack Miller (ed.). Jews in Soviet Culture. New Brunswick (US) and London (UK): Transaction Books for the Institute of Jewish Affairs, 1984. viii + 331 pp. Tables. Name Index. $24.95; £18.00.

Reassessing a Difficult Relationship. Howard Aster, Peter J. Potichnyj. Jewish‐Ukrainian Relations. Two Solitudes. Oakville, Ontario, Canada: Mosaic Press, 1983. 72pp. No price indicated.

Dissent—No Isolated Phenomenon. Ludmilla Alexeyeva. Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements for National, Religious, and Human Rights. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1985. xxii + 552pp. Index. £32.95, $35.00.     

Adolescent Loneliness and Health in Early Adulthood

The health consequence of loneliness in the early life course is an understudied topic in the sociological literature. Using data from Waves 1–3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine pre‐disease pathways in the relationship between adolescent loneliness and early adult health. Our results indicate that loneliness during adolescence is associated with diagnosed depression, poorer adult self‐rated health, and metabolic risk factors related to cardiovascular disease. High depressive symptoms and parent support are important pathways through which the health consequences of loneliness are exacerbated or offset. There is also evidence that lonely youth remain at higher risk for experiencing adult depression and poor self‐rated health even in the presence of equivalent levels of parental support relative to non‐lonely adolescents. Furthermore, lonely adolescent females are more vulnerable to reporting poor adult self‐rated health and being overweight or obese in adulthood. In sum, our study demonstrates the importance of adolescent loneliness for elevating the risk of poor health outcomes in adulthood.     

Economic experts or laypeople? How teachers and journalists judge trade and immigration policies

It is widely acknowledged that lay and expert perspectives on the economy widely diverge. In this context, teachers and journalists play a major role because they act as promoters for economic knowledge transfer through schools and media. This study analyzes how teachers and journalists judge economic policies and whether they are closer to an expert or a lay way of thinking. In four separate surveys, randomly chosen German adults (n = 190), economists (n = 80), social studies teachers (n = 97) and economic journalists (n = 90) were presented two policy proposals from the trade and immigration policy domain. Consistent with existing evidence, a large majority of the economists favored free trade and labor mobility and judged them as economically efficient and fair, while most of the laypeople hold contrary views. The answers from journalists and teachers generally lay in between economists and laypeople—with teachers being closer to laypeople and journalists tending more towards the economists. Interestingly however, teachers and journalists reverted to the same criteria for the judgment of economic policies as laypeople. All three groups based their judgments nearly exclusively on a policy proposal’s perceived fairness, while economists strongly focused on its economic efficiency.     

The school-to-work transition of 2<Superscript>nd</Superscript> generation immigrants in Denmark

2^nd generation immigrants from less developed countries have less education and a lower employment frequency compared to the native Danish youth. We analyse the school-to-work transition of these groups using panel data for the years 1985–1997. The educational gap between 2^nd generation immigrants and the Danish youth is to some extent explained by age structure, while age does not explain the native-immigrant gap concerning the duration of waiting time until first job and the duration of first employment spell. Instead parental capital and neighbourhood effects seem to play a major role. We find large gender differences among 2^nd generation immigrants in the school-to-work transition.All Correspondence to Nina Smith. Thanks to Thomas Haugaard Jensen, Anne-Sofie Reng Rasmussen and Mette Skak-Nielsen who have done part of the computational work. We also want to thank two anynomous referees and participants in the ESF-conference on Migration and Development in Naples 2000 and the ESPE conference in Athens 2001 for many valuable comments. The project has been financed by the Danish Social Science Research Council (FREJA), the Danish Ministry of Labour and TSER. Furthermore, Helena Skyt Nielsen has been supported financially by the Danish Social Science Research Council (SSF), while this work was undertaken. Responsible editors: David Card and Christopher M. Schmidt.     

从华北农村妇女的手工纺织活动变迁看地方社会的社会主义实践

1949-1976年的社会主义实践彻底改变了农村地区存在的劳动分工方式和日常生活模式。以关中地区为例,社会主义改造以前,农村妇女生命历程的每一个阶段都与纺织密切相关。社会主义改造初期,乡村妇女成为劳动力的重要来源,此前附着在妇女身上的纺织任务被田间劳作所取代。在这种状况下,中国农村地区的妇女实际参与了四种类型的经济：首先是计划经济,此种类型的经济首先满足国家对土地、劳动力、产品的需求,仅根据国家的估计留给集体和个人必须的物资;其次是家庭经济,妇女们供养孩子,为丈夫和公婆的需要而劳作;再次是黑市经济,黑市的市场流动将棉花、布匹、各种票券等资源从农村转移到城市;第四是礼物经济,如果没有仪式性的布匹交换,婚姻无法缔结,新生儿不会被家族接受,也无法为逝者举行葬礼。从1949-1976年,中国农村女性的生活发生了根本性的改变,然而相关的叙述却与土地改革、阶级斗争、群众运动和政治运动叙事大相径庭。     

Likelihood Inference for a Fractionally Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Model

We consider model based inference in a fractionally cointegrated (or cofractional) vector autoregressive model, based on the Gaussian likelihood conditional on initial values. We give conditions on the parameters such that the process X_t is fractional of order d and cofractional of order d−b; that is, there exist vectors β for which β^′X_t is fractional of order d−b and no other fractionality order is possible. For b=1, the model nests the I(d−1) vector autoregressive model. We define the statistical model by 0 < bd, but conduct inference when the true values satisfy 0d₀−b₀<1/2 and b₀≠1/2, for which β₀^′X_t is (asymptotically) a stationary process. Our main technical contribution is the proof of consistency of the maximum likelihood estimators. To this end, we prove weak convergence of the conditional likelihood as a continuous stochastic process in the parameters when errors are independent and identically distributed with suitable moment conditions and initial values are bounded. Because the limit is deterministic, this implies uniform convergence in probability of the conditional likelihood function. If the true value b₀>1/2, we prove that the limit distribution of is mixed Gaussian, while for the remaining parameters it is Gaussian. The limit distribution of the likelihood ratio test for cointegration rank is a functional of fractional Brownian motion of type II. If b₀<1/2, all limit distributions are Gaussian or chi‐squared. We derive similar results for the model with d = b, allowing for a constant term.     

拉萨鲁康内的佐钦壁画研究

拉萨龙王潭公园内的鲁康,对大多数的藏族和研究藏学的学者来说并不陌生,但对其历史沿革和建筑内丰富多彩的壁画之内容及其来源却很少有人探究。本文通过仔细梳理有关藏文资料,对鲁康的建筑年代、风格及其中的壁画分布等做了比较全面的介绍。尤其是对鲁康第三层内的有关佐钦壁画的内容做了比较充分的研究和论证。