论马克思法律观总的方法论：本质主义方法论

马克思的法律理论,建立在马克思解释社会现象所通用的方法论之上。这一方法论,我们称之为本质主义方法论。马克思的本质主义方法论形成了他关于法和法律的理解。在他作品的许多处,他对于现象和本质的解释之间做了区分。同样,马克思区分了法的本质和法的现象,他坚持认为法的本质是我们判断和鉴别法律的标准。     

Educational inequality across three generations in Australia

The transfer of advantage and disadvantage across multiple generations is receiving increasing attention in the international literature; however, transfers of resources across multiple generations in Australian families are less well understood. Using a longitudinal dataset of Australian children, we have the opportunity to not only investigate the transfer of educational resources across three generations in Australia, but also investigate the gendered nature of these transfers, which has been a limitation of other studies. We find no evidence of individual grandparent education effects on numeracy and reading scores for grandchildren in Year 3, independent of parent educational attainment and other covariates. However, significant effects on numeracy and reading scores were observed for children in families where both the grandmother and grandfather in maternal and paternal grandparent sets had high educational attainment (a diploma or university qualification), and where either or both the mother and father had a university qualification. These results suggest that the contribution of grandparents to the academic achievement of grandchildren cannot be fully explained by the parent generation and that the concentration of human capital in families contributes to educational inequalities across multiple generations that can be observed by eight years of age.     

SPECIAL ISSUE： ANTI-CORRUPTION STRATEGIES IN TRANSITIONAL CHINA --Implications of the Financial Crisis for China＇s Information Supervision and Curbing of Financial Corruption

美国次贷危机（金融危机）彰显了现有金融监管模式对于系统性风险的防范失败。次贷危机的根源,很大程度上可以归咎于金融信息披露严重失范滋生的金融腐败。作为一种规制金融信息披露、通过透明度约束降低腐败的需求与供给的监管方式,信息监管对于遏制金融腐败具有重要作用。比较美国新的金融监管体制改革,立足中国实践,重构金融监管体制,可以以信息监管为中心,进一步完善金融机构的信息披露制度,努力构建一个统合的金融信息平台,建设有效的信息共享机制,整合监管资源,形成金融反腐防腐的强大合力。     

Does the way maternity care is provided affect maternal and neonatal outcomes for young women? A review of the research literature

BackgroundYoung pregnant women who continue a pregnancy are primarily from a socioeconomically deprived background. The risk factors associated with low socio-economic status may independently affect perinatal and neonatal morbidity to a greater extent than the young age of the woman. Young pregnant women are frequently sceptical about health care providers who they can perceive to be judgemental. This may lead to late booking for pregnancy care, attending few appointments, or not attending the health service for any antenatal care.QuestionDoes the way maternity care is provided affect maternal and neonatal outcomes for young women?MethodA systematic search of the major health databases.ResultsNine research articles met the eligibility criteria: one randomised controlled trial, three prospective cohort studies, two comparative studies with concurrent controls, two comparative studies with historical controls, and one case series.DiscussionProviding young women with a non-standard model of maternity care has some beneficial and no known detrimental effects on childbirth outcomes. While there is a dearth of evidence on the effectiveness of a Midwifery Group Practice model of care for young women, there is strong evidence to suggest that a Group Antenatal Care model increases antenatal visit attendance and breastfeeding initiation, and decreases the risk of preterm birth. There is research to indicate that a Young Women's Clinic model may also increase antenatal visit attendance and decrease the incidence of preterm birth.ConclusionMore well-designed and resourced midwifery models of care for young women should be implemented and rigorously researched.     

‘Making Pies’—A Way of Exploring Pupils’ Views on Curriculum Innovation

This article examines the use of focus groups (FGs) as a way of gathering pupils’ views on the implementation of new curricula. We provide illustrations of creative activities, which were especially designed for a case‐study research project exploring the views of 11‐year‐old pupils in English schools adopting an innovative approach to the Year 7 curriculum. We argue that combining FGs with creative methods encourages pupils to take an active role in interviews, enriches the quality of the data being collected and enhances the place of FGs as important tools in eliciting pupils’ voices for both research and curriculum planning purposes.     

农村社区型金融机构发展影响因素的实证分析

由于具有市场、信息、成本、区域等方面的竞争优势,农村社区型金融机构已经成为我国农村金融机构创新的首要途径。虽然自2005年以来我国不断出台相关鼓励政策和措施,但农村社区型金融机构的发展却仍然不尽如人意。为更好地促进其发展,利用向量误差修正模型,首次从定量的角度明确影响农村社区型金融机构发展的现实因素及其影响程度。研究结果表明,财政收入、城乡居民储蓄存款余额及农村居民消费水平对农村社区型金融机构的发展影响最为显著。     

基层电视媒体核心竞争力研究——以陕西杨凌及周边电视媒体为例

基层电视媒体核心竞争力主要有三个理论根据:核心竞争力理论、"知识鸿沟"理论、规模经济理论。目前存在受众率低、广告收入低、人力资源结构与层次失衡等问题。从竞争范围分析,基层电视媒体竞争主要是局部的竞争;从竞争市场分析,基层电视媒体几乎无市场可言;从竞争产品分析,基层电视媒体主要是模仿;从电视媒体的发展趋势看,有特色的基层电视媒体也有较大的发展空间。研究认为"一般基层电视媒体"核心竞争力必须走集团化发展之路;"特色基层电视媒体"要通过强化品牌定位、市场定位、受众定位,加强品牌与受众的关系,并强化提高核心竞争力的措施研究。     

Exposed Singularity

In his photographs of children in displaced persons’ camps, Salgado takes each subject seriously. His images dis‐place us through their dignity and presence. We are no longer spectators but engaged: each gaze demands a response and produces the self as exposed. Pictures of prisoners from Tuol Sleng in Cambodia take the same form: a single figure facing the camera. Here, however, we are caught in an additional and irresolvable aporia: we are faced with thousands to whom we cannot adequately respond. As Derrida argues, responsibility is only possible by sacrificing ethics: we can respond to one only by sacrificing whatever obliges us to respond to others. In the final set of images considered here, Daravuth’s positing of the indistinguishability of victim and perpetrator disturbs any easy response once more. A reading of Nancy alongside and against Derrida points to significant differences in emphasis between the two, and throws further light on the aporia of responsibility. The essay concludes that Nancy’s being singular plural is productive in emphasizing the need, politically, to focus not on how we might establish a bond between us, but rather on how it is that we seem separate at all. The photographs expose us to our inevitable engagement or being‐with.     

Toddlers Activate Lexical Semantic Knowledge in the Absence of Visual Referents: Evidence from Auditory Priming

Language learners rapidly acquire extensive semantic knowledge, but the development of this knowledge is difficult to study, in part because it is difficult to assess young children's lexical semantic representations. In our studies, we solved this problem by investigating lexical semantic knowledge in 24‐month‐olds using the Head‐turn Preference Procedure. In Experiment 1, looking times to a repeating spoken word stimulus (e.g., kitty‐kitty‐kitty) were shorter for trials preceded by a semantically related word (e.g., dog‐dog‐dog) than trials preceded by an unrelated word (e.g., juice‐juice‐juice). Experiment 2 yielded similar results using a method in which pairs of words were presented on the same trial. The studies provide evidence that young children activate of lexical semantic knowledge, and critically, that they do so in the absence of visual referents or sentence contexts. Auditory lexical priming is a promising technique for studying the development and structure of semantic knowledge in young children.