The fourth shift: exploring the gendered nature of sleep disruption among couples with children

The study of sleep has been neglected within sociology, yet may provide insights into fundamental aspects of the nature of gender inequalities. This article examines how, for couples with children, sleep is influenced by the gendered nature of caring. A key concern is not only who gets up to care for children's physical needs at night, but whether this changes with women's increased role in the labour market. Of concern also is how changes in the nature of caring for older children, as opposed to young children, may impact on parents' sleep. This article analyses qualitative data from an ESRC funded multi-disciplinary project on couples' sleep based on in-depth audio-tape recorded interviews with 26 couples (aged 20-59) with younger and older children. Additionally, one week's audio sleep diaries were completed and follow up in-depth interviews were undertaken with each partner on an individual basis. Physical and emotional care for young children at night was largely provided by women, with a lack of explicit negotiation between partners about who provides this care, even when women return to employment. Thus, considerably more women than men continued their daytime and evening shifts, as well as undertaking an ongoing third shift of sentient activity for their family, into the night. This resulted in a fourth night-time shift where physical caring, and sentient activities continued. As a consequence, women were more likely to subjugate their own sleep needs to those of their family. Fathers did not, in general, undertake this fourth night-time shift. Those that did were more likely to be the fathers of young adult children who were staying out late at night, with the focus of their concerns being the safety of their children.     

Judging parental competence: A cross‐country analysis of judicial decision makers' written assessment of mothers' parenting capacities in newborn removal cases

This paper examines the discretionary reasoning of the judiciary in three jurisdictions, England, Germany and Norway, in cases deciding whether a newborn child is safe with her parents or intervention is necessary. Our analysis focuses on one specific dimension of decision makers' exercise of discretion, namely, if and how the strengths and weaknesses of the mother are considered. The data material consists of all decisions concerning care orders of newborns from one large city in Germany from 2015 to 2017 (n = 27) and 2016 in Norway (n = 76) and all publicly available newborn removal decisions in England for 2015–2017 (n = 14). The findings reveal a high number of risk factors in the cases and less focus on risk‐reducing factors. The situation of the newborn is considered to be harmful, as most cases result in a care order. Judicial discretion differs by how much information, and what types of factors, are included in the justification for the decision. A learning point for decision makers and policymakers would be to actively undertake a balancing act between risk‐increasing and risk‐reducing factors.     

新疆受援高校社会资本的主成分和聚类分析

该文通过建立新疆受援高校社会资本的评价指标体系,运用SPSS17.0对新疆12所受援高校社会资本的情况进行主成分分析和聚类分析。论证显示,"对口支援"新疆受援高校的社会资本存在非均衡性,为此,政府、支援学校和受援学校的责任应明确化、具体化;要结合受援高校实际,调整与整合相关政策和计划;要从单纯的教师支教转变为全面提升受援高校师资队伍水平;受援高校应切实把握"对口支援"时机,提升其社会资本。只有这样,才能促进受援高校和谐、健康发展。     

Alcohol Use and Popularity: Social Payoffs From Conforming to Peers' Behavior

Although many economic analyses of adolescents have examined the costs of risky behaviors, few have investigated the gains that young people derive from such actions, particularly in terms of social payoffs for complying with peer behavior. This paper studies the relationship between adolescents' use of alcohol (relative to that of their peers) and popularity at school. We use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a rich and nationally representative survey with detailed information on social networks. Our findings suggest that adolescents are socially rewarded for conforming to their peers' alcohol use and penalized (to a lesser degree) for increasing their consumption above that of their peers. Male adolescents are rewarded for keeping up with their peers' drinking and for getting drunk. Female adolescents are rewarded for drinking per se, but not necessarily for keeping up with their peers. The results offer new information on peer influence and have implications for substance abuse interventions at school and in the community.     

The Shift towards Family Reunification in Romanian Child Welfare Policy: An Analysis of Changing Forms of Governmental Intervention in Romania

This article examines the transition in Romanian child welfare policy from a paternalistic attitude of taking responsibility for ‘abandoned’ children to a capitalist orientation of reinstating responsibility for ‘abandoned’ children to the private sphere. While this shift in child policy is often seen to reflect a withdrawal of the public sphere from the private world of childcare, this study argues, alternatively, that this shift demonstrates a change in the form of governmental intervention. This article is based on ethnographic research that examines the reflections of Romanian child welfare professionals upon their changing roles.     

宋明理学人性论的当代道德哲学启示

伦理学在道德哲学层面重新思考形上人性论建构的理论课题之时要转向宋明理学人性论寻找学术资源。此种判断是基于中华文化生命的客观历程,当代人的实际精神状况和中国的道德国情。宋明理学人性论能为当代道德哲学提供丰富的营养和启示,主要是世界的统一性、整体性如何在人性论上体现;在人性论体系中如何完成＂伦理-道德＂的整体性辩证以及如何确立人的精神世界才能让它呈现实体等等。     

新时代中国共产党推进民族理论的创新发展

新时代,党和国家结合国际国内形势的深刻变化,推进了党的民族理论的发展创新,科学阐述基本国情与民族工作阶段性特征,科学阐述民族平等、民族团结、民族区域自治、民族发展繁荣等党和国家民族工作纲领性原则,科学阐述铸牢中华民族共同体意识这条民族工作主线.     

浅谈生本教育课堂教学中如何通过评价促进有效教学

生本教育理念为师生营造了一个开放式的课堂学习氛围.文章结合生本教育理念与有效教学理念,从实践的角度出发,探讨在这种教学模式下,计算机生本课堂中组织有效教学的策略,并着重阐述通过设计合理的教学评价来保证教学的有效性.     

数学开放实验培养学生创新意识的研究

数学开放实验是对传统数学教育模式进行改革的一种探索,是实际问题、数学模型、数学软件及计算机语言的完美结合,是大学阶段学生发挥创造能力、培养创新意识的沃土。在数学开放实验的教学实践中发现,学生参与的主动性对实验项目的完成起到了决定性的作用,而这恰恰也是创新意识激发和培养的重要前提。加强学生参与主动性的引导成为数学开放实验教学的关键。