从结论看方法：社会学研究的现实性维度思考——关于美国社会学者对中国社会分层研究的讨论*

本文以社会分层研究为例,指出面向现实是社会学研究科学性的根本保证,研究结论就是对现实的反映,而这种反映的真实程度又是由研究方法所决定的,方法的选择和实施则是由研究范式所指导的。范式、方法和结论最终统一在研究的现实性维度之上。     

Continuous Utility Functions Through Scales

We present here a direct elementary construction of continuous utility functions on perfectly separable totally preordered sets that does not make use of the well-known Debreu’s open gap lemma. This new construction leans on the concept of a separating countable decreasing scale. Starting from a perfectly separable totally ordered structure, we give an explicit construction of a separating countable decreasing scale, from which we show how to get a continuous utility map.      

Single cycle policies for the one-warehouse N-retailer inventory/distribution system

We address a multi-echelon inventory system with one-warehouse and N  -retailers. The demand at each retailer is assumed to be known and satisfied by the warehouse. Shortages are not allowed and lead times are negligible. Costs at each facility consist of a fixed charge per order and a holding cost. The goal is to determine single-cycle policies which minimize the average cost per unit time, that is, the sum of the average holding and setup costs per unit time at the retailers and at the warehouse. We propose a O(NlogN)$\mathrm{O}(N\log N)$ heuristic procedure to compute efficient single-cycle policies. This heuristic is compared with other approaches proposed by Schwarz, Graves and Schwarz and Muckstadt and Roundy. We carry out a computational study to test the effectiveness of the heuristic and to compare the performance of the different procedures. From the computational results, it is shown that the new heuristic provides, on average, better single-cycle policies than those given by the Muckstadt and Roundy method.     

Bayesian design in queues: An application to aeronautic maintenance

We exploit Bayesian criteria for designing M/M/c//r$M/M/c//r$ queueing systems with spares. For illustration of our approach we use a real problem from aeronautic maintenance, where the numbers of repair crews and spare planes must be sufficiently large to meet the necessary operational capacity. Bayesian guarantees for this to happen can be given using predictive or posterior distributions.     

Games of Incomplete Information Without Common Knowledge Priors

We relax the assumption that priors are common knowledge, in the standard model of games of incomplete information. We make the realistic assumption that the players are boundedly rational: they base their actions on finite-order belief hierarchies. When the different layers of beliefs are independent of each other, we can retain Harsányi's type-space, and we can define straightforward generalizations of Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (BNE) and Rationalizability in our context. Since neither of these concepts is quite satisfactory, we propose a hybrid concept, Mirage Equilibrium, providing us with a practical tool to work with inconsistent belief hierarchies. When the different layers of beliefs are correlated, we must enlarge the type-space to include the parametric beliefs. This presents us with the difficulty of the inherent openness of finite belief subspaces. Appealing to bounded rationality once more, we posit that the players believe that their opponent holds a belief hierarchy one layer shorter than they do and we provide alternative generalizations of BNE and Rationalizability. Finally, we show that, when beliefs are degenerate point beliefs, the definition of Mirage Equilibrium coincides with that of the generalized BNE. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Urban order and the preventive restructuring of space: the operation of border controls in micro space

This paper is about a specific aspect of the present restructuring of space: the cumulative, but unintended, effects on the public urban order, by a growing, and more intense, deployment of border controls. Border controls are recognized to operate both in public space, and at the entrances to those organized activities that directly face public space. Their working is understood as actuarial practices. Two preventive impetuses are identified, one specific, police‐related, one general, related to the on‐going socio‐economic changes. To try to follow the aggregate effects of such a preventive spatial restructuring, an analytic thought experiment is made. Its focus is the public order in a square, or a segment of a street, located centrally in a relatively large Western European city and the effects of the following variations. To begin with, the targets of border controls: the volume and the composition of, first, the passers by, and second, the direct visitors of this public space, and third, different visitors to the organized activities adjoining this space. Then, of course, the variations in the deployment of border controls by both public and private police. Thus, it is possible to delineate how the preventive restructuring of space works upon the urban order. Perhaps surprisingly, there is a certain robustness in the urban order since many agents of the preventive restructuring do not work in concert.     

The Strong No Show Paradoxes are a common flaw in Condorcet voting correspondences

The No Show Paradox (there is a voter who would rather not vote) is known to affect every Condorcet voting function. This paper analyses two strong versions of this paradox in the context of Condorcet voting correspondences. The first says that there is a voter whose favorite candidate loses the election if she votes honestly, but gets elected if she abstains. The second says that there is a voter whose least preferred candidate gets elected if she votes honestly, but loses the election if she abstains. All Condorcet correspondences satisfying some weak domination properties are shown to be affected by these strong forms of the paradox. On the other hand, with the exception of the Simpson-Cramer Minmax and the Young rule, all the Condorcet correspondences that (to the best of our knowledge) are proposed in the literature suffer from these two paradoxes. Received: 30 November 1999/Accepted: 27 March 2000     

高管集权、内部控制与会计信息质量

公司内部治理的核心之一是选择一个恰当的权力配置结构,以有利于增进公司各种制度和政策的执行效率.本文研究公司高管的权力配置结构对公司内部控制与会计信息质量之间关系的影响.采用盈余管理和财务重述衡量会计信息质量,本研究发现:(1)公司的内部控制质量与会计信息质量正相关;(2)公司内部控制对会计信息质量的提升作用受制于公司内部高管的权力配置结构.在高管权力集中的情况下,内部控制的改善对会计信息质量并没有明显的提升作用.本研究对公司内部控制制度的后续建设和实施乃至公司治理结构的改进均具有一定的启示意义.     

我国证券市场中的噪声交易研究——基于一个“机构噪声交易者—散户噪声交易者模型”的分析

本文从行为金融理论发展的大背景出发,以噪声交易作为研究主题。首先介绍了基于行为金融理论的噪声交易理论;接着简要介绍了噪声交易理论的基本模型—DSSW模型,为将其应用于我国证券市场的实证并提出一个改良模型做好理论铺垫;然后在DSSW模型的基础上,结合我国证券市场的实际情况,原创性地提出了一个我国证券市场机构噪声交易者一散户噪声交易者模型,以分析说明我国噪声交易者的生存机制及噪声交易对证券市场的影响,并得出相应的启示和政策建议。     

Vietnam’s economy: Achievements and perspective

In last several years, Vietnams economy has reached significant achievements. Those are clearly seen by analyzing economic growth, economic structure transformation, trade and investment and Vietnams economy competitiveness. However, in the process of development, Vietnams economy is still facing many difficulties and challenges. Vietnam is accelerating speed of innovation process, is active and quicker in international economic integration in order to complete the economic – social objectives in the period of 2001–2005 with annual average economic growth rate of 7.5%.