The arithmetic of growth: Methods of calculation

This is a tutorial on the relations between population data and the rates of growth that are calculated from the data. For the calculation of rates of growth, discrete and continuous compounding will be compared so that the reader can see the reasons for using the mathematics of continuous compounding, which is the mathematics of exponential growth. Some properties of exponential growth are developed. Semi-logarithmic graphs will be discussed as a device for representing the size of growing populations and for analyzing the nature of the growth. Illustrative examples will be worked out in order to emphasize applications and utility.     

文言文的英译技巧--林语堂译《浮生六记》与马丁·路德翻译细则之碰撞

从分析林译《浮生六记》与马丁·路德的翻译细则的碰撞入手 ,指出了新世纪的中国译学应是求同性与存异性的统一 ,既要广泛地批判吸收世界各国的译学传统 ,同时又要积极保持并展示自己文化的独立性与深度     

常德市旅游、商贸宣传品的英译探讨

要达到对外宣传预期的目的 ,旅游、商贸对外宣传品的翻译必须正确、得体、一致。实例表明 ,常德市旅游、商贸对外宣传品的翻译在这些方面普遍存在问题。因此 ,要提高翻译质量 ,除管理者高度重视外 ,译者要加强英、汉语功底的修养 ,培养敬业精神     

Multiparameter evidence synthesis in epidemiology and medical decision-making: current approaches

Summary.  Alongside the development of meta-analysis as a tool for summarizing research literature, there is renewed interest in broader forms of quantitative synthesis that are aimed at combining evidence from different study designs or evidence on multiple parameters. These have been proposed under various headings: the confidence profile method, cross-design synthesis, hierarchical models and generalized evidence synthesis. Models that are used in health technology assessment are also referred to as representing a synthesis of evidence in a mathematical structure. Here we review alternative approaches to statistical evidence synthesis, and their implications for epidemiology and medical decision-making. The methods include hierarchical models, models informed by evidence on different functions of several parameters and models incorporating both of these features. The need to check for consistency of evidence when using these powerful methods is emphasized. We develop a rationale for evidence synthesis that is based on Bayesian decision modelling and expected value of information theory, which stresses not only the need for a lack of bias in estimates of treatment effects but also a lack of bias in assessments of uncertainty. The increasing reliance of governmental bodies like the UK National Institute for Clinical Excellence on complex evidence synthesis in decision modelling is discussed.     

与社会保险费相关的劳动争议宜采取具体行政行为处理

目前法院以民事审判方式解决与社会保险费用征缴相关的劳动争议,并不是一个有益的救济方式;劳动保障部门或税务机关依照《社会保险费征缴暂行条例》以具体行政行为的方式给予保障才是高效、便捷、法律依据充分的途径。相关当事人对该行政行为的合法性如有异议,亦可按行政诉讼的途径给予救济。制度的设立、完善与落实是根本,行政诉讼是制度实现的保障,民事诉讼的介入则会对社会保险制度的完善和发展产生抑制作用     

用科学发展观指导医学教育改革和创新

科学发展观为高等医学教育的改革和发展提供了全新的思路。以科学发展观为指导,根据医学教育事业的发展,按照国际医学教育标准,全方位推进医学教育的改革和创新,强化素质教育,构建新的教学体系、管理监控体系以及教学保障体系,对于提高医学教学质量,培养高层次医学人才,实现国际标准本土化,具有重要的意义。     

英汉思维方式对语言结构的影响

思维方式对语言的结构有哪些影响?本文从形合与意合在句法上与章法上的不同表现,论述了英汉两种语言在结构和表达方式上的不同,并通过实例归纳出一些具体做法,供同行进一步探讨。     

Corporate Governance and Director Accountability: an Institutional Comparative Perspective*

This paper examines the role of boards of directors in light of institutional contingencies and recent best practice governance guidelines and regulation such as the United Kingdom Higgs Review and the United States Sarbanes‐Oxley Act 2002. Particular attention is paid to discussing the role of independent directors across countries, and the implications for corporate governance innovation. It concludes by posing questions about recent corporate governance transformations and providing suggestions for future research.     

International and intercultural issues in English teaching textbooks: the case of Spain

The sociocultural content of foreign language textbooks has become a concern of scholars and practitioners owing to the fact that the traditional emphasis on purely linguistic issues has been expanded to embrace a language in context approach. This paper studies the English‐speaking communities that are described in English language teaching textbooks marketed in Spain. It examines to what extent an international and/or intercultural approach is a constituent element in their design.