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41.
Megumi Inoue 《Journal of gerontological social work》2016,59(5):401-422
This study investigated sociodemographic and psychosocial factors that enhance or impede the completion of advance care planning, analyzing data from the Health and Retirement Study. The analytic subsample included the panel participants who died between 2006 and 2010 and who had answered the psychosocial and lifestyle questionnaire when they were alive. Multinomial logistic regression was executed to answer the research question (N = 1,056). The study found that persons who were older, who were women, who identified themselves as White, and who had higher levels of income and education were more likely to be motivated to complete advance care planning. Having greater sense of control was found to weaken the adverse relationship between being African American and the completion of advance directives. Having cancer, suffering from the illnesses for longer periods of time, and having experience of nursing home institutionalization also predicted the completion of advance care planning. Implications include incorporating a culturally tailored approach for racial/ethnic minorities and using advance directives that are clear and easily understood. In addition, future research needs to include a larger minority population and examine the extent to which variations between racial/ethnic groups exist in relation to advance care planning. 相似文献
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In this article, we consider the distributions of the number of success runs of specified length and scans on a higher-order Markov tree under three different enumeration schemes (the “non overlapping”, the “at least”, and the “overlapping” scheme). Recursive formulae for the evaluation of their probability generating functions are established. We provide a proper framework for extending the exact distribution theory of runs and scans from based on sequences to based on directed trees. Some numerical results for the run and scan statistics are given in order to illustrate the computational aspects and the feasibility of our theoretical results. Finally, two special reliability systems are considered, which are closely related to our general results. 相似文献
44.
Hall et al. (2007) propose a method for moment selection based on an information criterion that is a function of the entropy of the limiting distribution of the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator. They establish the consistency of the method subject to certain conditions that include the identification of the parameter vector by at least one of the moment conditions being considered. In this article, we examine the limiting behavior of this moment selection method when the parameter vector is weakly identified by all the moment conditions being considered. It is shown that the selected moment condition is random and hence not consistent in any meaningful sense. As a result, we propose a two-step procedure for moment selection in which identification is first tested using a statistic proposed by Stock and Yogo (2003) and then only if this statistic indicates identification does the researcher proceed to the second step in which the aforementioned information criterion is used to select moments. The properties of this two-step procedure are contrasted with those of strategies based on either using all available moments or using the information criterion without the identification pre-test. The performances of these strategies are compared via an evaluation of the finite sample behavior of various methods for inference about the parameter vector. The inference methods considered are based on the Wald statistic, Anderson and Rubin's (1949) statistic, Kleibergen (2002) K statistic, and combinations thereof in which the choice is based on the outcome of the test for weak identification. 相似文献
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Though protection of human research subjects is universally recognized as a critical requirement for the ethical conduct of research, few studies have examined retractions of medical articles through apparent noncompliance with that requirement. From our survey of 99 retracted papers published from 1981 to 2011, we found that the basis for those decisions was poorly explained in retraction notices and that most of the articles continued to be cited. In retraction notices, the current manner of explaining failure to protect human subjects is misleading and confusing. 相似文献
48.
Pollination and factors limiting fruit set of chasmogamous flowers of an amphicapric annual,Polygonum thunbergii (Polygonaceae) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary We observed phenology and insect visitors of chasmogamous flowers of an amphicarpic annual,Polygonum thunbergii (Polygonaceae) in Kyoto, Japan, and clarified limiting factors for fruit set by bagging and hand-pollination experiments.
Flowering season was one month from late September. Flowers were visited by various insect groups (total 30 families and 64
species) and effective pollinators were lower bees (Halictidae) and wasps (Vespidae) in the early flowering season, and middle-sized
flies (Syrphidae and Calliphoridae) in the later season. Nectar was secreted at a constant rate (0.013mg sugar/hour) throughout
a day and >90% of it was consumed by insects. The average number of flowers per ramet was 122, of which 95% were pollinated
in the natural conditions. Bagging experiments showed that 47% of flowers were self-pollinated even under no pollinator visits.
Despite of a high probability of cross pollination, the probability of fruit set within the ramet was 0.30 due to resource
limitation. We discussed possible adaptive significance of cleistogamous flowers under the condition that seeds could be produced
by chasmogamous flowers through self-pollination even under pollinator limited conditions. 相似文献
49.
Hiroshi Inoue 《Researches on Population Ecology》1985,27(2):255-264
Summary Nymphs ofAgriosphodrus dohrni
Signoret (Reduviidae) have a strong gregariousness and show group predatory behavior. This study was conducted to clarify adaptive
significance of group predation of this species, including laboratory observations and 6-year field surveys.
In the laboratory, observations on both solitary and group attacking against armyworms were made at varying prey size classes
to compare the capture success rate by solitary predators with that by groups. The efficiency in capturing the prey was significantly
higher in group attacking at any prey size class compared.
Data obtained from the field surveys indicated the tnedency for searching nymphs to feed in group and to increase the number
of predators feeding per prey item with increasing prey size. Average sizes of prey captured were also larger in group feeding
throughout the nymphal stage. In particular, it was remarkable that, when prey were “creeping” types, the upper size limit
of prey eaten was dramatically increased. 相似文献
50.
Kiyoshi Kawahito 《Journal of Labor Research》1990,11(3):231-237
Coauthor ofThe Japanese Steel Industry (1972). 相似文献