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11.
Kjell Pettersson 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2013,42(9):1526-1538
In this article, we discuss statistical methods for curve-estimation under the assumption of unimodality for variables with distributions belonging to the two-parameter exponential family with known or constant dispersion parameter. An important special case is a one-parameter distribution. We suggest a nonparametric method based on monotonicity properties. The method is applied to Swedish data on laboratory verified diagnoses of influenza and data on inflation from an episode of hyperinflation in Bulgaria. 相似文献
12.
Kjell NytrØ Per Øystein Saksvik Aslaug Mikkelsen Philip Bohle Michael Quinlan 《Work and stress》2013,27(3):213-225
Empirical research on stress intervention in organizations, and experience from organizational change programmes in general, indicates that obtaining intended change is often more difficult than it had been conceived to be at the outset. In order to facilitate the accomplishment of stress prevention and effective organizational change, this paper examines the importance of the social and cognitive processes influencing the implementation of any intervention. It states that if change is to be managed skilfully, it is important (1) to create a social climate of learning from failure, (2) to provide opportunities for multi-level participation and negotiation in the design of interventions, (3) to be aware of tacit behaviours that possibly undermine the objectives of interventions, and (4) to define roles and responsibilities before and during the intervention period. 相似文献
13.
Theory and Decision - This article analyzes rent seeking with multiple additive efforts for each of two players. Impact on rent seeking occurs even when a player exerts only one effort. This... 相似文献
14.
. The article decomposes the Shapley value into a value matrix which gives the value of every player to every other player
in n-person games. Element Φij(v) in the value matrix is positive, zero, or negative, dependent on whether row player i is beneficial, has no impact, or is not beneficial for column player j. The elements in each row and in each column of the value matrix sum up to the Shapley value of the respective player. The
value matrix is illustrated by the voting procedure in the European Council of Ministers 1981–1995.
Received: 9 September 1998/Accepted: 11 February 2000 相似文献
15.
A target is protected by the defender and attacked by an attacker launching sequential attacks. For each attack, a contest intensity measures whether the agents’ efforts have low or high impact on the target vulnerability (low vs. high contest intensity). Both the defender and the attacker have limited resources. It is assumed that the attacker can observe the outcome of each attack and stop the sequence of attacks when the target is destroyed. Two attacker objectives are considered, that is, to maximize the target vulnerability or to minimize the expected attacker resource expenditure. The article addresses the following three questions: whether the attacker should allocate its entire resource into one large attack or distribute it among several attacks; whether geometrically increasing or decreasing resource distribution into a fixed number of sequential attacks is more beneficial than equal resource distribution; and how the optimal attack strategy depends on the contest intensity. 相似文献
16.
Arnout R. Standaert Kjell Francois Frank Devlieghere Johan Debevere Jan F. Van Impe Annemie H. Geeraerd 《Risk analysis》2007,27(1):241-254
The food industry faces two paradoxical demands: on the one hand, foods need to be microbiologically safe for consumption and on the other hand, consumers want fresh, minimally processed foods. To meet these demands, more insight into the mechanisms of microbial growth is needed, which includes, among others, the microbial lag phase. This is the time needed by bacterial cells to adapt to a new environment (for example, after food product contamination) before starting an exponential growth regime. Since food products are often contaminated with low amounts of pathogenic microorganisms, it is important to know the distribution of these individual cell lag times to make accurate predictions concerning food safety. More precisely, cells with the shortest lag times (i.e., appearing in the left tail of the distribution) are largely decisive for the outgrowth of the population. In this study, an integrated modeling approach is proposed and applied to an existing data set of individual cell lag time measurements of Listeria monocytogenes. In a first step, a logistic modeling approach is applied to predict the fraction of zero-lag cells (which start growing immediately) as a function of temperature, pH, and water activity. For the nonzero-lag cells, the mean and variance of the lag time distribution are modeled with a hyperbolic-type model structure. This mean and variance allow identification of the parameters of a two-parameter Weibull distribution, representing the nonzero-lag cell lag time distribution. The integration of the developed models allows prediction of a global distribution of individual cell lag times for any combination of environmental conditions in the interpolation domain of the original temperature, pH, and water activity settings. The global fitting quality of the model is quantified using several measures indicating that the model gives accurate predictions, erring slightly on the fail-safe side when predicting the shortest lag times. 相似文献
17.
Anders Linde Ingela Rådestad Karin Pettersson Linn Hagelberg Susanne Georgsson 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017,30(5):376-381
Background
Experience of reduced fetal movements is a common reason for consulting health care in late pregnancy. There is an association between reduced fetal movements and stillbirth.Aim
To explore why women decide to consult health care due to reduced fetal movements at a specific point in time and investigate reasons for delaying a consultation.Methods
A questionnaire was distributed at all birth clinics in Stockholm during 2014, to women seeking care due to reduced fetal movements. In total, 3555 questionnaires were collected, 960 were included in this study. The open-ended question; “Why, specifically, do you come to the clinic today?” was analyzed using content analysis as well as the complementary question “Are there any reasons why you did not come to the clinic earlier?”Results
Five categories were revealed: Reaching dead line, Receiving advice from health care professionals, Undergoing unmanageable worry, Contributing external factors and Not wanting to jeopardize the health of the baby. Many women stated that they decided to consult care when some time with reduced fetal movements had passed. The most common reason for not consulting care earlier was that it was a new experience. Some women stated that they did not want to feel that they were annoying, or be perceived as excessively worried. Not wanting to burden health care unnecessarily was a reason for prehospital delay.Conclusion
Worry about the baby is the crucial reason for consulting care as well as the time which has passed since the women first experienced decreased fetal movements. 相似文献18.
Statistics and Computing - Profile likelihood confidence intervals are a robust alternative to Wald’s method if the asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator are not met.... 相似文献
19.
Bjrn Tyrefors Hinnerich Per Pettersson‐Lidbom 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2014,82(3):961-993
In this paper, we compare how two different types of political regimes—direct versus representative democracy—redistribute income toward the relatively poor segments of society after the introduction of universal and equal suffrage. Swedish local governments are used as a testing ground since this setting offers a number of attractive features for a credible impact evaluation. Most importantly, we exploit the existence of a population threshold, which partly determined a local government's choice of democracy to implement a regression‐discontinuity design. The results indicate that direct democracies spend 40–60 percent less on public welfare. Our interpretation is that direct democracy may be more prone to elite capture than representative democracy since the elite's potential to exercise de facto power is likely to be greater in direct democracy after democratization. 相似文献
20.
Poverty and experiences of insecurity. A qualitative interview study of 25 long-standing recipients of social security 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kjell Underlid 《International Journal of Social Welfare》2007,16(1):65-74
The purpose of this study is to explore experiences of insecurity among people living in relative poverty in an affluent welfare society. Twenty-five long-standing recipients of social security were interviewed. The study finds that poverty and related factors give rise to a sense of insecurity to which respondents react affectively with apprehension and anxiety. Respondents, all of whom live in the same Norwegian town, report multiple causes of their emotions, and adopt numerous psychological methods to address their sense of insecurity. The study's findings are discussed in light of theories of needs and emotions and contextual and methodological factors. 相似文献