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151.
James H. Mielke Lynn B. Jorde P. Gene Trapp Douglas L. Anderton Kari Pitkäinen Aldur W. Eriksson 《Demography》1984,21(3):271-295
We analyze a 140-year series of smallpox deaths in the Åland Islands, Finland. Vaccination, introduced in 1805, dramatically reduced the annual number of smallpox deaths. It also influenced the age distribution of smallpox deaths, changing smallpox from a childhood disease before 1805 to one which affected both adults and children after 1805. This appears to be due to the fact that Ålanders were usually vaccinated only once during childhood and often lost their immunity during adulthood. Spectral analysis of the prevaccination time series of smallpox deaths demonstrates a strong seven-year periodicity, reflecting the amount of time necessary to build up a cohort of nonimmune individuals. After the introduction of vaccination, the periodicity changes to eight years. The probability that a parish in Åland was affected by a smallpox epidemic is shown to be highly correlated with migration patterns and parish population sizes. 相似文献
152.
Karl-Wilhem Grümer 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2011,63(4):705-713
Nachrichten und Mitteilungen
Mitteilung Preis der Fritz Thyssen Stiftung für sozialwissenschaftliche Aufs?tze (Begründet durch Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Erwin K. Scheuch †), Zeitschriftenjahrgang 2010 相似文献153.
Mike S. Schäfer 《Sociology Compass》2011,5(6):399-412
A significant amount of science coverage can be found nowadays in the mass media and is the main source of information about science for many. Accordingly, the relation between science and the media has been intensively analyzed within the social scientific community. It is difficult to keep track of this research, however, as a flurry of studies has been published on the issue. This article provides such an overview. First, it lays out the main theoretical models of science communication, that is, the ‘public understanding of science’ and the ‘mediatization’ model. Second, it describes existing empirical research. In this section, it demonstrates how science’s agenda‐building has improved, how science journalists working routines are described, how different scientific disciplines are presented in the mass media and what effects these media representations (might) have on the audience. Third, the article points out future fields of research. 相似文献
154.
Incentive effects and the income tax treatment of employer-provided workplace benefits 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jan Voßmerbäumer 《Review of Managerial Science》2013,7(1):61-84
Employers often provide their employees with different kinds of benefits in the workplace to create comfortable working conditions. In order to avoid distortions of the wage-benefit ratio in employee compensation, economic theory suggests that fringe benefits should be subject to income taxation at a value placed on them by employees. This article shows that this approach does not apply to workplace benefits. Since the goal of these benefits is to reduce the employees’ disutility from work, treating them simply as wage substitutes disregards their incentive effects. Therefore, the rules for taxing workplace benefits are derived from an agency model. It is shown that in contrast to the standard economic approach, cost can be a more efficient tax base than willingness to pay, even though this results in higher tax payments. Moreover, with non-distortionary tax rates it is always better to tax the employer rather than the employee. 相似文献
155.
Maleen Thiele Robert Hepach Christine Michel Gustaf Gredebäck Daniel B. M. Haun 《Infancy》2021,26(3):409-422
Infants are attentive to third-party interactions, but the underlying mechanisms of this preference remain understudied. This study examined whether 13-month-old infants (N = 32) selectively learn cue–target associations guiding them to videos depicting a social interaction scene. In a visual learning task, two geometrical shapes were repeatedly paired with two kinds of target videos: two adults interacting with one another (social interaction) or the same adults acting individually (non-interactive control). Infants performed faster saccadic latencies and more predictive gaze shifts toward the cued target region during social interaction trials. These findings suggest that social interaction targets can serve as primary reinforcers in an associative learning task, supporting the view that infants find it intrinsically valuable to observe others’ interactions. 相似文献
156.
Anna-Maija Lämsä Aila Säkkinen Pirkko Turjanmaa 《International Journal of Value-Based Management》2000,13(3):203-213
Modern management and organization theory have been criticized for being based on masculine values and concepts. The theory
and associated values influence not only managerial behavior in practice, but also business education's value system. In this
study, we analyze the change in values during business education from a gender perspective. By values we mean feminine and
masculine values. Our empirical study is based on the literature of cultural values and gender socialization theories. We
surveyed 324 students. The result of our study lends support to earlier research: men are more masculine and women more feminine
in their values. The change towards masculinity during business education is not supported statistically in this study. However,
there may be a weak tendency towards masculinity, especially among female students. In addition, we propose that it is possible
that business students have a tendency to try to fulfil masculine needs in their occupational choice. Further research is
needed to investigate the empirical findings of our study.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
157.
Jörg Drechsler Agnes Dundler Stefan Bender Susanne Rässler Thomas Zwick 《AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis》2008,92(4):439-458
For micro-datasets considered for release as scientific or public use files, statistical agencies have to face the dilemma of guaranteeing the confidentiality of survey respondents on the one hand and offering sufficiently detailed data on the other hand. For that reason, a variety of methods to guarantee disclosure control is discussed in the literature. In this paper, we present an application of Rubin’s (J. Off. Stat. 9, 462–468, 1993) idea to generate synthetic datasets from existing confidential survey data for public release.We use a set of variables from the 1997 wave of the German IAB Establishment Panel and evaluate the quality of the approach by comparing results from an analysis by Zwick (Ger. Econ. Rev. 6(2), 155–184, 2005) with the original data with the results we achieve for the same analysis run on the dataset after the imputation procedure. The comparison shows that valid inferences can be obtained using the synthetic datasets in this context, while confidentiality is guaranteed for the survey participants. 相似文献
158.
Review of Managerial Science - In making decisions about strategic and operational actions, managers commonly need to consider dualities such as long-term versus short-term, innovation versus... 相似文献
159.
160.
This paper proposes a way of integrating the concepts of habitus and mood. The purpose of this conceptual move is to enrich Pierre Bourdieu's treatment of habitus with a better recognition of its affective aspects. The paper draws on phenomenological studies of psychic disorders and applies the concept of existential feeling to specify what moods are and do. The framing proposed distinguishes between dispositions that function in the foreground and in the background of habitus. Thereby it is possible to regard moods as background dispositions of habitus. This paper also discusses what this idea of moody habitus can do for research in habitus and human practice. 相似文献