福州地区部分产妇“坐月子”传统习俗的调查

采用定性研究方法对福州市城区和福清农村两地12户正在“坐月子”的家庭进行调查,并召开专题小组讨论会,组织19名卫生工作者参加讨论与分析。结果表明,“坐月子”是一个很重要的惯例,其强调摄入大量的高蛋白食物、提供家庭照顾、多休息并专注于体能的恢复、注意会阴部卫生和悉心照顾孩子等有利于产妇恢复健康;而对产妇采取限制洗澡、谢绝会客、限制活动、不适宜的辅助母乳喂养、给新生儿喂中药汤和不重视牙齿卫生等可能无益,甚至有害。建议提倡有利于产妇恢复健康的习俗与措施,努力克服和避免不利于产妇健康的因素。     

Wage Inequality and Structural Change

Social Indicators Research - Income inequality in the context of large structural change has received a lot of attention in the literature, but most studies relied on household post-transfer...     

Who Experiences Leisure Deficits? Mothers' Marital Status and Leisure Time

The authors used the 2003 to 2012 American Time Use Survey to examine marital status variation in mothers' leisure time. They found that never‐married mothers have more total leisure but less high‐quality leisure when compared with married mothers. Never‐married mothers' leisure is concentrated in passive and socially isolated activities that offer fewer social and health benefits. Black single mothers have the highest amount of socially isolated leisure, particularly watching television alone. Results suggest that differences in the context and type of leisure are salient dimensions of the divergent and stratified life conditions of married, divorced, and single mothers.     

A Risk Assessment for Consumers of Mourning Doves

Recreational and subsistence hunters and anglers consume a wide range of species, including birds, mammals, fish and shellfish, some of which represent significant exposure pathways for environmental toxic agents. This study focuses on the Department of Energy's (DOE'S) Savannah River Site (SRS), a former nuclear weapons production facility in South Carolina. The potential risk of contaminant intake from consuming mourning doves ( Zenaida macroura ), the most popular United States game bird, was examined under various risk scenarios. For all of these scenarios we used the mean tissue concentration of six metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, selenium, chromium, manganese) and radiocesium, in doves collected on and near SRS. We also estimated risk to a child consuming doves that had the maximum contaminant level. We used the cancer slope factor for radiocesium, the Environmental Protection Agencies UptakeBiokinetic model for lead, and published reference doses for the other metals. As a result of our risk assessments we recommend management of water levels in contaminated reservoirs so that lake bed sediments are not exposed to use by gamebirds and other terrestrial wildlife. Particularly, measures should be taken to insure that the hunting public does not have access to such a site. Our data also indicate that doves on popular hunting areas are exposed to excess lead, suggesting that banning lead shot for doves, as has been done for waterfowl, is desirable.     

Effect of missing plots in some response surface designs

The effect of one or more missing observations for response surface designs arranged in blocks are examined in this paper. The resu lts as applied to a central composite design with orthogonal blocking, and an equirdial design with orthogonal blocking, are reported.     

Ethnic Differences in Risk from Mercury among Savannah River Fishermen

Fishing plays an important role in people's lives and contaminant levels in fish are a public health concern. Many states have issued consumption advisories; South Carolina and Georgia have issued them for the Savannah River based on mercury and radionuclide levels. This study examined ethnic differences in risk from mercury exposure among people consuming fish from the Savannah River, based on site-specific consumption patterns and analysis of mercury in fish. Among fish, there were significant interspecies differences in mercury levels, and there were ethnic differences in consumption patterns. Two methods of examining risk are presented: (1) Hazard Index (HI), and (2) estimates of how much and how often people of different body mass can consume different species of fish. Blacks consumed more fish and had higher HIs than Whites. Even at the median consumption, the HI for Blacks exceeded 1.0 for bass and bowfin, and, at the 75th percentile of consumption, the HI exceeded 1.0 for almost all species. At the White male median consumption, noHI exceeded 1, but for the 95th percentile consumer, the HI exceeded 1.0 almost regardless of which species were eaten. Although females consumed about two thirds the quantity of males, HIs exceeded 1 for most Black females and for White females at or above the 75th percentile of consumption. Thus, close to half of the Black fishermen were eating enough Savannah River fish to exceed HI = 1. Caution must be used in evaluating an HI because the RfDs were developed to protect the most vulnerable individuals. The percentage of each fish species tested that exceeded the maximum permitted limits of mercury in fish was also examined. Over 80% of bowfin, 38% of bass, and 21% of pickerel sampled exceeded 0.5 ppm. The risk methodology is applicable anywhere that comparable data can be obtained. The risk estimates are representative for fishermen along the Savannah River, and are not necessarily for the general populations.     

Stepwise canonical analysis in categorical data

Assignment of optimum scores to the categories of a multidimensional contingency table by use of a stepwise method of canonical correlations for more than two vector variables is proposed and illustrated for the well-known blood serological data of Taylor, first analyzed by Fisher. This stepwise method provides a technique for eliminating categories that do not contribute significantly to the relationship.     

纳米比亚的土地和生物管理模式

飞机一进入非洲南部国家纳米比亚的首都温德和克，就像进入了一个自然保护区。由于温德和克位于中央高原上，并且以阿瓦斯山脉为天然屏障，游客一进入该市就能问或看见捻角羚和其他羚羊，这不是什么稀罕事。     

Five-Hundred Life-Saving Interventions and Their Cost-Effectiveness

We gathered information on the cost-effectiveness of life-saving interventions in the United States from publicly available economic analyses. "Life-saving interventions" were defined as any behavioral and/or technological strategy that reduces the probability of premature death among a specified target population. We defined cost-effectiveness as the net resource costs of an intervention per year of life saved. To improve the comparability of cost-effectiveness ratios arrived at with diverse methods, we established fixed definitional goals and revised published estimates, when necessary and feasible, to meet these goals. The 587 interventions identified ranged from those that save more resources than they cost, to those costing more than 10 billion dollars per year of life saved. Overall, the median intervention costs $42,000 per life-year saved. The median medical intervention costs $19,000/life-year; injury reduction $48,000/life-year; and toxin control $2,800,000/life-year. Cost/life-year ratios and bibliographic references for more than 500 life-saving interventions are provided.