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101.
Ann Morning 《Population research and policy review》2008,27(2):239-272
Academic interest in official systems of racial and ethnic classification has grown in recent years, but most research on
such census categories has been limited to small case studies or regional surveys. In contrast, this article analyzes a uniquely
global data set compiled by the United Nations Statistical Division to survey the approaches to ethnic enumeration taken in
141 countries. The motives for this analysis combine theoretical, applied, and policy objectives. I find that 63% of the national
censuses studied incorporate some form of ethnic enumeration, but their question and answer formats vary along several dimensions
that betray diverse conceptualizations of ethnicity (for example, as “race” or “nationality”). Moreover, these formats follow
notably regional patterns. Nonetheless, the variety of approaches can be grouped into a basic taxonomy of ethnic classification
approaches, suggesting greater commonality in worldwide manifestations of the ethnicity concept than some have recognized.
相似文献
Ann MorningEmail: |
102.
Myron P. Gutmann Kristine Witkowski Corey Colyer JoAnne McFarland O’Rourke James McNally 《Population research and policy review》2008,27(6):639-665
Spatially explicit data pose a series of opportunities and challenges for all the actors involved in providing data for long-term
preservation and secondary analysis—the data producer, the data archive, and the data user. We report on opportunities and
challenges for each of the three players, and then turn to a summary of current thinking about how best to prepare, archive,
disseminate, and make use of social science data that have spatially explicit identification. The core issue that runs through
the paper is the risk of the disclosure of the identity of respondents. If we know where they live, where they work, or where
they own property, it is possible to find out who they are. Those involved in collecting, archiving, and using data need to
be aware of the risks of disclosure and become familiar with best practices to avoid disclosures that will be harmful to respondents.
相似文献
Myron P. GutmannEmail: |
103.
M-quantile models with application to poverty mapping 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nikos Tzavidis Nicola Salvati Monica Pratesi Ray Chambers 《Statistical Methods and Applications》2008,17(3):393-411
Over the last decade there has been growing demand for estimates of population characteristics at small area level. Unfortunately,
cost constraints in the design of sample surveys lead to small sample sizes within these areas and as a result direct estimation,
using only the survey data, is inappropriate since it yields estimates with unacceptable levels of precision. Small area models
are designed to tackle the small sample size problem. The most popular class of models for small area estimation is random
effects models that include random area effects to account for between area variations. However, such models also depend on
strong distributional assumptions, require a formal specification of the random part of the model and do not easily allow
for outlier robust inference. An alternative approach to small area estimation that is based on the use of M-quantile models
was recently proposed by Chambers and Tzavidis (Biometrika 93(2):255–268, 2006) and Tzavidis and Chambers (Robust prediction
of small area means and distributions. Working paper, 2007). Unlike traditional random effects models, M-quantile models do
not depend on strong distributional assumption and automatically provide outlier robust inference. In this paper we illustrate
for the first time how M-quantile models can be practically employed for deriving small area estimates of poverty and inequality.
The methodology we propose improves the traditional poverty mapping methods in the following ways: (a) it enables the estimation
of the distribution function of the study variable within the small area of interest both under an M-quantile and a random
effects model, (b) it provides analytical, instead of empirical, estimation of the mean squared error of the M-quantile small
area mean estimates and (c) it employs a robust to outliers estimation method. The methodology is applied to data from the
2002 Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) in Albania for estimating (a) district level estimates of the incidence of
poverty in Albania, (b) district level inequality measures and (c) the distribution function of household per-capita consumption
expenditure in each district. Small area estimates of poverty and inequality show that the poorest Albanian districts are
in the mountainous regions (north and north east) with the wealthiest districts, which are also linked with high levels of
inequality, in the coastal (south west) and southern part of country. We discuss the practical advantages of our methodology
and note the consistency of our results with results from previous studies. We further demonstrate the usefulness of the M-quantile
estimation framework through design-based simulations based on two realistic survey data sets containing small area information
and show that the M-quantile approach may be preferable when the aim is to estimate the small area distribution function. 相似文献
104.
Dynamic reasoning and time pressure: Transition from analytical operations to experiential responses
Based upon the Decision Field Theory (Busemeyer and Townsend 1993), we tested a model of dynamic reasoning to predict the
effect of time pressure on analytical and experiential processing during decision-making. Forty-six participants were required
to make investment decisions under four levels of time pressure. In each decision, participants were presented with experiential
cues which were either congruent or incongruent with the analytical information. The congruent/incongruent conditions allowed
us to examine how many decisions were based upon the experiential versus the analytical information, and to see if this was
affected by the varying degrees of time pressure. As expected, the overall accuracy was reduced with greater time pressure
and accuracy was higher when the experiential and analytical cues were congruent than when they were incongruent. Of great
interest was the data showing that under high time pressure participants used more experiential cues than at other time pressures.
We suggest that the dynamic reasoning paradigm has some future potential for predicting the effects of experiential biases
in general, and specifically under time pressure. 相似文献
105.
Sourour Elloumi 《Journal of Combinatorial Optimization》2010,19(1):69-83
Given a set of clients and a set of potential sites for facilities, the p-median problem consists of opening a set of p sites and assigning each client to the closest open facility to it. It can be viewed as a variation of the uncapacitated
facility location problem. We propose a new formulation of this problem by a mixed integer linear problem. We show that this
formulation, while it has the same value by LP-relaxation, can be much more efficient than two previous formulations. The
computational experiment performed on two sets of benchmark instances has showed that the efficiency of the standard branch-and-cut
algorithm has been significantly improved. Finally, we explore the structure of the new formulation in order to derive reduction
rules and to accelerate the LP-relaxation resolution. 相似文献
106.
Many important decisions involve financial risk, and substantial evidence suggests that women tend to be more risk averse
than men. We explore a potential biological basis of risk-taking variation within and between the sexes by studying how the
ratio between the length of the second and fourth fingers (2D:4D) predicts risk-taking. A smaller 2D:4D ratio has been linked
to higher exposure to prenatal testosterone relative to estradiol, with men having lower ratios than women. In financially
motivated decision-making tasks, we find that men and women with smaller 2D:4D ratios chose significantly riskier options.
We further find that the ratio partially explains the variation in risk-taking between the sexes. Moreover, for men and women
at the extremes of the digit-ratio distribution the difference in risk-taking disappears. Thus, the 2D:4D ratio partially
explains variation in financial risk-taking behavior within and between sexes and offers evidence of a biological basis for
risk-taking behavior. 相似文献
107.
108.
109.
We describe a first experiment on whether product complexity affects competition and consumers in retail markets. We are unable
to detect a significant effect of product complexity on prices, except insofar as the demand elasticity for complex products
is higher. However, there is qualified evidence that complex products have the potential to induce consumers to buy more than
they would otherwise. In this sense, consumer exploitability in quantities cannot be ruled out. We also find evidence for
shaping effects: consumers’ preferences are shaped by past experience with prices, and firms may in principle exploit this
to sell more. 相似文献
110.
A Diamond-Stiglitz approach to the demand for self-protection 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The existing research concerning the relationship between risk aversion and prudence and the demand for self-protection assumes
that the loss variable follows a Bernoulli distribution, and that changes in the level of self-protection are mean preserving.
The analysis here replaces these two very strong conditions with ones which are more general. When doing this, the method
of analysis is also significantly modified. This modification includes representing a change in the level of self-protection
using the procedure developed by Diamond and Stiglitz (Journal of Economic Theory 8:337-360, 1974) for representing a change in risk. This alternate representation allows the existing findings to be generalized considerably,
and also simplifies the analysis. 相似文献