Ordentliche Arbeiterkinder,konzentrierte Mittelschichtkinder?

Conscientiousness has proved to be one of the most important non-cognitive skills for success in the life course, especially in terms of education and employment. The development of this trait becomes therefore a subject of inequality research. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) a Structural Equation Model is estimated. The main question is whether the development of the child’s conscientiousness is determined by the mother’s personality or by their social origin and, furthermore, in how far these correlations are mediated by the mother’s parenting practices. In order to answer this question the differentiation between ability to focus and orderliness as two different facets of conscientiousness is of central interest. The facet ability to focus is the important one for stratification. Not only is it highly influenced by the mother’s personality, but to a similar extend the influence of social backround could be found. It could be shown, that the mother’s skill-oriented parenting practices similar to those described in the work of Lareau, partially mediate the effect of social backround on the childs’ ability to focus.     

Intermarriage, Value Context and Union Dissolution: Sweden 1990–2005

This article analyzes the connection between exogamy and union dissolution using individual level register data for native Swedes and immigrants in Sweden. We study both married and cohabiting unions, from the birth of the first child until dissolution (N?=?403,294). Event history models are employed to study the association between type of union and value dissimilarity between spouses on the one hand, and union dissolution, on the other, controlling for human capital and demographic characteristics. The results are in line with the exogamy hypothesis; that mixed unions face higher dissolution risks than endogamous unions. We also find support for the value dissimilarity hypothesis; that the disruptive effect of exogamy increases with the degree of value context dissimilarity between partners. Finally, the results corroborate the gender difference hypothesis; that the effects on union dissolution of exogamy and value context dissimilarity depend on the gender of the immigrant in exogamous unions.     

The Three Monotheistic World Religions and International Human Rights

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the human rights movement lay claim to much of the same moral territory, notably concepts of human dignity, equality, and social justice. In practice there are many tensions. This article argues that common standards are necessary to govern relationships among religions and that international human rights standards best play that role. To achieve greater consensus and mutual understanding, the religious and human rights communities must examine how their meaning systems can and have changed over time, and differ across regions. Recognition of these variations and empirical evidence that religiosity is not necessarily inherently linked to prejudice can enable both the religious and human rights meaning systems to evolve toward greater consensus on common social norms.     

The behaviour of police officers in conflict situations: how burnout and reduced dominance contribute to better outcomes

Dominance plays an important part in police-civilian interactions. However, burnout is associated with a reduction in dominance, and this might, paradoxically, lead to more effective outcomes in conflict situations. There is a lack of knowledge about the effects of burnout in professional practice, and this multi-method study was conducted to better understand these dynamics. It is unique in that it combined self-reported burnout with observed behaviour in interactions with civilians. In this study, the relationships between the imbalance between demands and rewards, occupational burnout and police officers' behaviour in conflict situations (in terms of dominance and effectiveness) were examined. A questionnaire was used to assess job demands, rewards and burnout among 358 Dutch police officers. In addition, police officers' interactions with civilians were observed over 122 days. The results of structural equation modelling analyses showed that the imbalance between job demands and rewards was predictive of burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization). Burnout, in its turn, predicted a decrease in dominant behaviour in conflict situations and, consequently, more effective conflict outcomes. These findings show that reduced dominance associated with burnout could in fact have positive consequences for professional behaviour in conflict situations. The benefits of reduced dominance in these situations should be taken into account in the training of professionals.     

Estimation of a two-equation panel model with mixed continuous and ordered categorical outcomes and missing data

Summary.  The paper proposes an estimation approach for panel models with mixed continuous and ordered categorical outcomes based on generalized estimating equations for the mean and pseudoscore equations for the covariance parameters. A numerical study suggests that efficiency can be gained in the mean parameter estimators by using individual covariance matrices in the estimating equations for the mean parameters. The approach is applied to estimate the returns to occupational qualification in terms of income and perceived job security in a 9-year period based on the German Socio-Economic Panel. To compensate for missing data, a combined multiple imputation–weighting approach is adopted.     

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