Entreprises et gouvernance en France : perspectives historiques et évolutions récentes

Does France have a society that is blocked by nature and essence? A historical perspective yields a completely different view of the country's social and economic landscape. In particular, attention is drawn to the deep transformations of French firms and of their governance. The history of this change partly fits into a broader trend that, reaching well beyond borders, can be easily summed up through a single word — “globalization”. Changes in French firms and in their “logics of governance” can partly be seen as a reaction to powerful outside pressures that are pushing the economies of France and many other countries in a particular direction. Still, as we probe further, we realize that these changes are, in fact, adaptations, translations and hybridizations that involve ongoing negotiations with already existing institutional frames and logics. The advance of globalization and neoliberalism is quite real; but it interplays with and is embedded in local settings and logics that limit its scope and impact. — Special issue: New patterns of institutions.     

The news of the death of welfare economics is greatly exaggerated

The paper reexamines the controversy about Bergson–Samuelson social welfare functions (BSFs) that took place between welfare economists and social choice theorists as a consequence of Arrow’s (1951) impossibility theorem. The 1970’s witnessed a new version of the theorem that was meant to establish that BSFs “make interpersonal comparisons of utility or are dictatorial.” Against this, Samuelson reasserted the existence of well-behaved “ordinalist” BSFs and generally denied the relevance of Arrovian impossibilities to welfare economics. The paper formalizes and reassesses each camp’s arguments. While being also critical of Samuelson’s, it eventually endorses his conclusion that welfare economics was left untouched by the controversy. It draws some connections of BSFs with contemporary normative economics.     

Mortalité par âge et cause de décès en Suisse: Une analyse des disparités cantonales durant la période 1978/83 à 1988/93

Au cours des années 1980, la Suisse a vu son espérance de vie à la naissance augmenter dans tous les cantons, mais à des rythmes très différents. Ces caractéristiques cantonales du niveau et de l'évolution de la mortalité sont décrites par des méthodes de décomposition développées par Pollard et Arriaga. Les rythmes d'évolution des cantons sont comparés et les spécificités observées sont expliquées par une répartition des différences entre les tables de mortalité, selon l'âge et la cause de décès qui contribuent à ces différences. Les résultats montrent notamment le rôle prépondérant des âges actifs et avancés sur l'évolution récente de la mortalité, et l'importance du SIDA et des morts violentes sur les disparités cantonales. L'analyse se conclut par une discussion des principaux résultats obtenus. During the 1980s, expectation of life at birth increased in all the Swiss cantons, but at very different tempi. The characteristics of the level and trends of mortality in the cantons are described here by the decomposition methods developed by Pollard and Arriaga. The pace of the development of mortality in the cantons is compared, and the particular characteristics observed are accounted for by life table analysis according to age and cause of death. The results show in particular the dominant role played at economically active ages and beyond in recent mortality trends, and the importance of AIDS and of violent deaths in accounting for differences between cantons. The analysis is concluded by a discussion of the main results obtained.     

Le travail invisible à l'université : le cas des antennes universitaires

A growing set of tasks essential for universities is performed outside merit systems. It thus represents a sort of invisible work. In these “antennas”, this work is shared in three ways, which refer to three levels of autonomy of these off-campus programs from their parent institution. The more an antenna is autonomous, the better it organizes its work. Furthermore, research activities are essential if these off-campus programs are to stabilize young academics locally and lead them to take their part in this invisible work.     

Testing Hypotheses in the Functional Linear Model

The functional linear model with scalar response is a regression model where the predictor is a random function defined on some compact set of R and the response is scalar. The response is modelled as Y =Ψ( X )+ ɛ , where Ψ is some linear continuous operator defined on the space of square integrable functions and valued in R . The random input X is independent from the noise ɛ . In this paper, we are interested in testing the null hypothesis of no effect, that is, the nullity of Ψ restricted to the Hilbert space generated by the random variable X . We introduce two test statistics based on the norm of the empirical cross-covariance operator of ( X , Y ). The first test statistic relies on a χ ² approximation and we show the asymptotic normality of the second one under appropriate conditions on the covariance operator of X . The test procedures can be applied to check a given relationship between X and Y . The method is illustrated through a simulation study.     

Relations sociales et ajustements à la crise: une analyse microstatistique comparative franco‐britannique

Dans cette étude comparative sur la France et la Grande‐Bretagne, les auteurs analysent les liens entre relations professionnelles et ajustements (des effectifs et des salaires) face à la crise de 2007–2008, en s'appuyant sur deux enquêtes au niveau des établissements, fortement comparables, l'une britannique (WERS), l'autre française (REPONSE), collectées en 2010–2012. Malgré des contextes différents (composition du tissu productif, temporalité et impact de la crise), les liens entre relations sociales et stratégies d'ajustement semblent proches (la présence syndicale ne suffisant pas à empêcher les ajustements). La différenciation des systèmes de relations professionnelles ne permet donc pas d'expliquer les divergences de modes d'ajustement constatées au niveau macroéconomique.     

New Public Management et professions dans l’État : au-delà des oppositions, quelles recompositions ?

More and more reforms in public administrations are being conducted that are based on the principles and instruments of “new public management”. They have set off protest and collective actions by several professional groups in various sectors (health, education, justice, social work, research…), whence questions about the future of professional groups in public services, in particular about their autonomy, which these reforms threaten. The opposition between this new public management and certain professional groups, is not the final explanation to draw from an analysis of this situation. Should these changes be seen as the decline of professional groups and of their autonomy, as a mutation of professional models, an overhaul of professionalism, etc.? These questions, which current events in France and Europe have raised, are a matter for ongoing sociological thought. They are approached empirically, from the field, using varied scales of analysis and research. Forms of tension between this new public management and professional groups are explored.     

Rate of uniform consistency for nonparametric estimates with functional variables

In this paper we investigate nonparametric estimation of some functionals of the conditional distribution of a scalar response variable Y given a random variable X taking values in a semi-metric space. These functionals include the regression function, the conditional cumulative distribution, the conditional density and some other ones. The literature on nonparametric functional statistics is only concerning pointwise consistency results, and our main aim is to prove the uniform almost complete convergence (with rate) of the kernel estimators of these nonparametric models. Unlike in standard multivariate cases, the gap between pointwise and uniform results is not immediate. So, suitable topological considerations are needed, implying changes in the rates of convergence which are quantified by entropy considerations. These theoretical uniform consistency results are (or will be) key tools for many further developments in functional data analysis.