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51.
52.
农民工流动的成本收益分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在对农民工在农村和城市的生产生活成本和收益进行分析的基础上,构建了农民工流动的成本收益模型。分析了工资收入水平、流出地区农民收益差异、非经济成本、社会收益等影响农民工流动迁移决策的因素,及各因素之间的关系,探讨了农民工流动的机理。 相似文献
53.
54.
We investigate how sociological argumentation differs from classical first–order logic. We focus on theories about age dependence of organizational mortality. The overall pattern of argument does not comply with the classical monotonicity principle: Adding premises overturns conclusions in an argument. The cause of nonmonotonicity is the need to derive conclusions from partial knowledge. We identify metaprinciples that appear to guide the observed sociological argumentation patterns, and we formalize a semantics to represent them. This semantics yields a new kind of logical consequence relation. We demonstrate that this new logic can reproduce the results of informal sociological theorizing and lead to new insights. It allows us to unify existing theory fragments, and it paves the way toward a complete classical theory. 相似文献
55.
Developing a fair and widely accepted income definition presents one of the greatest challenges to tax reform. To arrive at a definition separate from the federal tax code, we surveyed 1200 Latter‐day Saints about their practice of tithing. Tithing is similar to a flat tax with no deductions, where individuals voluntarily contribute 10% of self‐defined income to the church. The results of our survey indicate that most respondents operate on a cash realization basis, which excludes savings and does not allow any deductions. Respondents' income concepts generally do not coincide with current tax laws or economists' views of comprehensive income. 相似文献
56.
周新德 《广西青年干部学院学报》2002,12(5):57-59
发展我国的企业债券市场具有重大的积极作用;完善资本市场结构,促进资本市场健康协调发展;拓宽企业融资渠道,为企业发展构筑坚定的资金支撑平台;企业可充分利用债券融资的独特优势,实现企业市场价值的最大化和股权的有效控制;推动企业提高治理水平。面对发行制度、流通市场、企业信用状况、中介机构等多种缺陷因素的制约,现实的对策选择是:发行制度须进行彻底的市场化改革;加强流通市场体系和企业信用建设;培育投资者队伍;强化政府监管职能;以创造企业债券市场健康持续发展所需的制度环境和市场条件。 相似文献
57.
全球化已经成为不可抗拒的客观现实 ,任何一个民族在享有全球化所带来的巨大好处的同时 ,必然承受随之而来的伤害和痛苦。本文从爱国主义教育在全球化背景下面临的挑战的分析入手 ,提出了爱国主义教育在全球化背景下如何进一步加强并突出时代特征的新思路 相似文献
58.
Michael Scriven 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》1995,11(1):61-75
Las Vegas is a city that has long challenged social norms of the rest of the United States and built a highly successful economic base on gambling and other hedonistic pursuits. Now that many other states and communities are pursuing or actively considering following the route of legal casinos for economic development purposes, the ethical considerations that have confronted Las Vegas about the question of gambling and its broader social impacts take on greater import.This paper examines the ethics of gambling relative to Las Vegas at two levels: first, as a pragmatic trade-off of accepting an activity with some bad consequences because of the economic benefits that can be derived; and second, more fundamentally, by examining the validity of the major ethical arguments against gambling. 相似文献
59.
Michael I. Miller Sarang Joshi David R. Maffitt James G. Mcnally Ulf Grenander 《Journal of applied statistics》1994,21(1):141-163
Most real-world shapes and images are characterized by high variability- they are not rigid, like crystals, for example—but they are strongly structured. Therefore, a fundamental task in the understanding and analysis of such image ensembles is the construction of models that incorporate both variability and structure in a mathematically precise way. The global shape models introduced in Grenander's general pattern theory are intended to do this. In this paper, we describe the representation of two-dimensional mitochondria and membranes in electron microscope photographs, and three-dimensional amoebae in optical sectioning microscopy. There are three kinds of variability to all of these patterns, which these representations accommodate. The first is the variability in shape and viewing orientation. For this, the typical structure is represented via linear, circular and spherical templates, with the variability accomodated via the application of transformations applied to the templates. The transformations form groups: scale, rotation and translation. They are locally applied throughout the continuum and of high dimension. The second is the textural variability; the inside and outside of these basic shapes are subject to random variation, as well as sensor noise. For this, statistical sensor models and Markov random field texture models are used to connect the constituent structures of the shapes to the measured data. The third variability type is associated with the fact that each scene is made up of a variable number of shapes; this number is not assumed to be known a priori. Each scene has a variable number of parameters encoding the transformations of the templates appropriate for that scene. For this, a single posterior distribution is defined over the countable union of spaces representing models of varying numbers of shapes. Bayesian inference is performed via computation of the conditional expectation of the parametrically defined shapes under the posterior. These conditional mean estimates are generated using jump-diffusion processes. Results for membranes, mitochondria and amoebae are shown. 相似文献
60.
This study examines the effect of unionization, right-to-work laws, and participation of women in the labor force on income
inequality. Two distinct models are developed using 1970 and 1980 census data on the 50 states in the U.S. First, an income
inequality model is specified as a beta distribution of the second kind to estimate Gini measures of income inequality. Second,
these Gini estimates are used in a simultaneous equations model. The 1970 results indicate that higher unionization rates
decreased inequality while right-to-work laws increased inequality. In 1980, the measure of inequality was lower in states
with higher female labor force participation.
We thank an unknown referee and the editor for comments and criticisms that greatly improved the paper. The usual caveat applies. 相似文献