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291.
Raising the minimum wage may reduce inequality by increasing the wages of low‐skill workers, but it may also increase inequality due to negative impacts on employment that produce wage losses. Using previous estimates of the elasticities of wages and employment to changes in the minimum wage in Colombia and Brazil, we show that the net impact on inequality of increasing the minimum wage may depend on the distributional weights used for inequality measurement. The results are obtained by decomposing the Gini index into reranking and gap‐narrowing effects. Inequality‐increasing reranking effects, which are associated with job losses, may dominate inequality‐decreasing gap‐narrowing effects, which are associated with wage gains, when high weights are placed on workers with low earnings. For standard distributional weights, however, the likely net impact is a reduction in wage inequality. 相似文献
292.
Laura E. Gómez Miguel Ángel Verdugo Benito Arias Víctor Arias 《Social indicators research》2011,101(1):109-126
There is considerable debate in the area of individual quality of life research regarding the factor structure of the QOL
construct that is focused on the number and composition of QOL factors and domains, and its hierarchical nature. The main
goal of this study involve testing by means of confirmatory factor analyses five models that have been pointed out by recent
scientific literature: firstly, an unidimensional model; secondly, a QOL model that consisted of eight inter-correlated domains
proposed by Schalock and Verdugo (2002); thirdly, a model composed of these eight 1st-order factors and one 2nd- order factor; the forth and five are model with
the eight 1st-order factors and three 2nd-order factor that has been denominated in other studies ‘Salamanca model’ and ‘Schalock
model’. Data were collected from 3.029 social service recipients from Catalonia (Spain) who completed the GENCAT Scale, an
objective QOL questionnaire. The best fit of the eight inter-correlated and 1st order domains was empirically demonstrated.
Implications for future research are also discussed. 相似文献
293.
It is known that characteristics of individuals explain only a part of the variations in Subjective Well-Being (SWB) between
people. The country of origin of an individual accounts for a significant part of these differences. We study what drives
the variations in SWB between countries after taking individual characteristics into account. We base our analysis on data
from the four waves of the World Values Survey. 64% of the variations between the countries in the sample (64 countries) are
explained by the natality rate, life expectancy, the level of corruption and a Muslim culture. This adds to the discussion
on the link between economic conditions and SWB. The economic situation is not an explanatory variable in a direct way but
indirectly affects SWB through some of the significant variables. Corruption has detrimental effects on SWB beyond its economic
consequences. 相似文献
294.
Our results show the intimate relationship between a large group of apparently different rankings of opportunity distributions.
First, we provide a set of core basic axioms that are intuitively plausible under any concern for equality or efficiency aspects.
Second, we introduce two very opposed views of the problem by incorporating different perspectives of the notion of advantage
(better opportunity set) and we provide some axioms that might be defended under such extreme positions. For any of these
two different perspectives, we characterize the families of rankings which satisfy the core axioms and the group of axioms
corresponding to that view. These characterizations will prove insightful to better understand most of the criteria already
introduced in the literature, which are part of the families we study. 相似文献
295.
The purpose of the current study was to assess whether individuals with intellectual disabilities would emit untrained speaker responses (i.e., signed tacts and mands) after being taught listener behaviors. Listener relations were trained via an automated matching-to-sample (MTS) procedure. Following mastery, the emergence of signed tacts, generalized tacts, and mands was tested. All participants met criterion in listener relations training and showed the emergence of almost all relations. Results suggest that teaching listener relations first, through MTS tasks, is a viable way to produce emergence of speaker relations. 相似文献
296.
Using methods and themes from Charles Tilly’s work, this paper presents a number of propositions related to empire-to-state transformation. We argue that variations in national state development from imperial metropole origins can be explained, at least in part, by variations in imperial administration, finance, development, identity, and inequality. Capacity is a critical determinant of the results of state transformation, while decisions about finance and investment are both economic and political. Identity and inequality are inextricably linked to empire, and our exploration of these concepts demonstrates that they are the outcomes of variable processes linked to concrete, if inadvertent, lines of imperial decisions. 相似文献
297.
Immigrant flows to Spain have increased greatly in the last decade, but little is known about the composition and role of their personal support networks. Our research questions are: (1) Which factors are associated with ties between immigrants and ‘Spaniards’ (the more settled resident Spanish population), compared with immigrants and non-Spaniards (other immigrants)? (2) Do the support roles of Spaniards and non-Spaniards differ? We analyse personal network (ego-net) survey data. Multilevel logistic regression models are applied, in which the unit of analysis is the undirected tie between an immigrant (ego) and an alter and the dependent variable is whether this tie is to a Spaniard alter, as opposed to a non-Spaniard. We determine the characteristics that are most strongly associated with the probability of a tie between an immigrant and a Spaniard, compared with a non-Spaniard, and consider characteristics of the immigrants (ego), the alters, the relative characteristics of ego-alter, support roles, and local geographical factors. We find a tie to a Spaniard alter is more likely if the immigrant’s country of birth is Portugal or Eastern Europe; if the alter is a work colleague or neighbour; if alter is older than ego. There is geographical variation in the probability of ties to Spaniards, partly explained by the local area presence of co-nationals from the same country of origin as the immigrant. A tie to a Spaniard alter is less likely for immigrants from North Africa (Maghreb); those with no previous contact with Spain; those who are not the first of their peer group/family to immigrate; if ego and alter both work in agriculture. Material help is more likely to be exchanged with a Spaniard alter. Non-Spaniard alters are more likely to exchange help with accommodation and information. ‘Finding a job’ is equally associated with Spaniard and non-Spaniard alters. A tentative conclusion is that some combinations of these characteristics, where a tie to a Spaniard is less likely, may be associated with higher levels of prejudice. Conversely, those characteristics that are positively associated with a tie to a Spaniard may indicate situations where integration of the immigrant population with Spaniards is successfully taking place, and where prejudices are lower, or non-existent. These findings may therefore be helpful for targeting resources to reduce such prejudices. The different types of support exchanged between immigrants and Spaniards and immigrants and non-Spaniards, may indicate current shortfalls in this process, as well as indicating where this support is successfully being exchanged. 相似文献
298.
Vacant shops are an important problem affecting urban areas today, particularly in the wake of the economic crisis. Most strategies to analyse and deal with this issue are related to economic and financial variables. However, the amount of research associating store geography and performance with urban morphology has increased over the past decade. Thus, this research tests the hypothesis that specific morphological features characterize vacant retail sites. Using four Portuguese cities as test-beds and Kernel density analysis to plot spatial patterns, vacant shops were for example positively correlated with low segment betweenness and negatively correlated with block area. 相似文献
299.
We propose a new family of risk measures, called GlueVaR, within the class of distortion risk measures. Analytical closed‐form expressions are shown for the most frequently used distribution functions in financial and insurance applications. The relationship between GlueVaR, value‐at‐risk, and tail value‐at‐risk is explained. Tail subadditivity is investigated and it is shown that some GlueVaR risk measures satisfy this property. An interpretation in terms of risk attitudes is provided and a discussion is given on the applicability in nonfinancial problems such as health, safety, environmental, or catastrophic risk management. 相似文献
300.
The Analysis of Verbal Behavior - The mand is a type of verbal operant whose response form is under control of a motivating operation (MO). It is the first verbal operant to be acquired, directly... 相似文献