Self-objectification: Relevance for the species and society

Mead described how, as a result of the social interaction process, the individual becomes an object to him or herself. This self-objectification process makes important contributions to the evolutionary success of the human species and to the survival of the society, although it is also a major source of social and personal problems. Through the distinctive human capacity for self-construction, human beings can build different selves with different skills to meet the changing demands of the environment. Through the objectification of thoughts and feelings, people are able to subordinate their organismic impulses to the control of social rules, thereby maintaining social order.     

READING ALOUD AS AN INITIAL ASSIGNMENT IN MARITAL THERAPY*

This paper suggests conjoint reading aloud as an initial assignment in behavioral marital therapy. The spouses are directed to read a book on marital conflict and communication five times during the week following the initial interview. At that interview they negotiate an agreement on when they will do the reading. Conjoint reading is compared with two alternative initial assignments, Caring Days and the Spouse Observation Checklist. It is argued that the advantage of the conjoint reading is that it addresses the experientially salient problems of verbal conflict. Details for instigating the assignment are presented.     

Biosocial foundations for adolescent female sexuality

Despite the widespread assumption that hormones stimulate motivation for sexual behavior in adolescence, no published empirical studies have demonstrated this link. In a cross-sectional study of 78 females in the eighth, ninth, and tenth grades in public schools, we show that hormones have effects on sexual motivation and behavior. Comparison with previous results from a parallel sample of males indicates that for both sexes these effects are primarily androgenic in origin and for the most part exert their effects directly rather than through the social interpretation of age and hormone-induced pubertal development.     

Persistent militants and quiescent comrades: intra-industry strike activity on the docks, 1947-89⊃

Although dockers have figured prominently as a critical case in many standard theories of industrial conflict, they have often behaved in ways which these theories cannot grasp. This is perhaps most clearly evident when strike action at the port rather than the industry level is the subject of attention. Most notably, industry level theories cannot explain the persistent militancy of dockers employed in the major ports and the relative quiescence of their comrades employed at the smaller ports. To be sure, industry level variables can be used to understand the general character of workplace relations and the processes involved in strike action, but to fully explain the actual incidence and intensity of strike action over both time and place also requires analysis of the particular patterns of labour regulation at different ports and the consequent patterns of conflict and accommodation at the workplace level.     

Spherical symmetry: An elementary justification

Summary The present paper includes characterizations of the conditions of spherical symmetry and of centered spherical symmetry. These characterizations provide an empirical justification for the above mentioned conditions of symmetry.     

Household finance management and the labour market: a case study in Hartlepool

This paper reports on the results of a survey carried out in Hartlepool towards the end of 1989. It considers the problems posed by data collection through survey methods to enquire into the management of household finances, and adopts a procedure which first examines treatment of the man's wage, and follows with additional questions about use of the woman's wage, access to personal spending money, and the location of final authority over spending. The data are based on a comparsion between four different groupings with reference to the man's employment status: Group A: couples in which the man has been unemployed for at least the last 12 months. Group B: couples in which the man is currently employed and has held the same job for at least the last twelve months. Group C: couples in which the man has been recently recruited to employment. Group D: a residual group covering any other status, notably early retirement, sickness, disability or student status. An age range of 20–55 was imposed. Marked contrasts were found between these groupings though further variation was introduced by employment for the woman. Broadly speaking there are two instances of heightened financial influence for women: low income prompts female management, whilst women's employment (and therefore higher income) increases joint management. It is in the traditional and declining situation of a sole male earner in which female authority or influence is at its lowest.     

Fitting Weibull duration models with random effects

Duration time models often should include correlated failure times, due to clustered data. These random effects hierarchical models sometimes are called frailty models when used for survival analyses. The data analyzed here involve such correlations because patient level outcomes (the times until graft failure following kidney transplantation) are observed, but patients are clustered in different transplant centers. We describe fitting such models by combining two kinds of software, one for parametric survival regression models, and the other for doing Poisson regression in a hierarchical setting. The latter is implemented by using PRIMM (Poisson Regression and Interactive Multilevel Modeling) methods and software (Christiansen & Morris, 1994a). An illustrative example for profiling data is included withk=11 kidney transplant centers andN=412 patients.