Pathways to Parenthood in Social and Family Contexts: Decade in Review, 2020

Whether, and under what circumstances, people become parents has implications for individual identity, family relationships, the well-being of adults and children, and population growth and age structure. Understanding the factors that influence pathways to parenthood is central to the study of families and can inform policies aimed at changing childbearing behaviors. This review summarizes recent trends in fertility as well as research on the predictors and correlates of childbearing, with a focus on the United States and on research most relevant to family scholars. U.S. fertility has declined in recent years, perhaps reflecting the influence of the Great Recession and increasing economic inequality, and there is growing divergence in behaviors across social class. Scholars of childbearing have developed theories to better understand how childbearing is shaped by life course processes and social contexts, but more work is needed to understand group differentials, refine measurement and theories, and better integrate men and couples. Childbearing research has important implications for social policy, but the application of research to policy is hindered by ideological factors.     

Making platforms work: relationship labor and the management of publics

Theory and Society - How do digital platforms govern their users? Existing studies, with their focus on impersonal and procedural modes of governance, have largely neglected to examine the human...     

乾隆晚期和珅、庄存与关系的重新考察

近来在研究庄存与和和珅的问题时,大家多关注<清实录>的资料.由于庄存与的和<春秋>相关的手稿是乾隆中期写成的,学者们便怀疑庄存与的<公羊学>写于和珅案子之前,<公羊学>的复兴与和珅时代无关.然而,为什么庄存与的<春秋>学直到道光时代才以<味经斋遗书>之文集出版呢?为什么至今仍未找到任何与庄存与的<春秋>学相关的手稿? 这些问题颇引人思考.通过考证大量资料来丰富对和珅时代的理解,作者认为,不但道光版本的<春秋>学是重要的依据,士大夫的作品也同样值得作具体分析,比如汪喜荀的<且住庵文集>和<谭献日记>等.从中我们可以发现,庄存与和和珅的冲突是1780年左右(乾隆晚期)爆发的.魏源在未发表的<武进庄少宗伯遗书序>文稿中也提到了这一冲突,却以庄存与的<易学>来作掩盖.同时,庄存与的经学融汇了西汉经学,尤其是<春秋>、<尚书>、<毛诗>、<易经>和<周礼>.     

Selection of automated office systems: a case study

Recent technological advances have made possible the automation of traditional office functions such as document preparation, storage, retrieval, inter-personal communication, etc. With the increased pervasiveness of office systems technology, selection of the appropriate technology components can be a complex and difficult task. There is a need for a methodology to aid in selecting office systems components based on the needs of the particular operating environment. In this paper, we propose to structure the selection problem in a hierarchical fashion, with the top level representing the single overall objective, the intermediate level(s) representing the users' needs, and the lowest level representing the viable candidate set of alternative office systems to be evaluated. A recently developed technique termed analytical hierarchies is employed, and a case study is presented to illustrate how the technique can be used in the selection of office systems components.