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151.
This paper reports on a quasi-experimental study which comparedoutcomes for young people referred to specialist family supportteams with those for others referred to mainstream social workteams. Although there was no evidence that the specialist servicewas more effective in promoting changes in child and familyfunctioning, nevertheless, many young people in both groupsshowed improvement in this respect. This paper explores how,why and in what circumstances these positive changes occurred.The factors which moderated or mediated the effectiveness ofinterventions included both risk and protective factors foremotional and behavioural problems and aspects of the interventionsthemselves. The paper explores the mechanisms whereby thesefactors interacted to help or hinder workers effortsto promote change. Child and family attributes and histories,the duration of child and family difficulties, motivation andoptimism all moderated the impact of interventions, making changemore, or less, likely to occur. Aspects of the interventionsthemselves also mediated their effectiveness, such as theirecological approach, the strategies used to change child behaviourand parenting style and the development of a therapeutic alliance.These moderators and mediators of change had a stronger impacton the outcome of interventions than differences in servicetype. 相似文献
152.
We study non-Markov multistage models under dependent censoring regarding estimation of stage occupation probabilities. The
individual transition and censoring mechanisms are linked together through covariate processes that affect both the transition
intensities and the censoring hazard for the corresponding subjects. In order to adjust for the dependent censoring, an additive
hazard regression model is applied to the censoring times, and all observed counting and “at risk” processes are subsequently
given an inverse probability of censoring weighted form. We examine the bias of the Datta–Satten and Aalen–Johansen estimators
of stage occupation probability, and also consider the variability of these estimators by studying their estimated standard
errors and mean squared errors. Results from different simulation studies of frailty models indicate that the Datta–Satten
estimator is approximately unbiased, whereas the Aalen–Johansen estimator either under- or overestimates the stage occupation
probability due to the dependent nature of the censoring process. However, in our simulations, the mean squared error of the
latter estimator tends to be slightly smaller than that of the former estimator. Studies on development of nephropathy among
diabetics and on blood platelet recovery among bone marrow transplant patients are used as demonstrations on how the two estimation
methods work in practice. Our analyses show that the Datta–Satten estimator performs well in estimating stage occupation probability,
but that the censoring mechanism has to be quite selective before a deviation from the Aalen-Johansen estimator is of practical
importance.
N. Gunnes—Supported by a grant from the Norwegian Cancer Society. 相似文献
153.
A Demographic Deficit? Local Population Aging and Access to Services in Rural America, 1990–2010 下载免费PDF全文
Brian C. Thiede David L. Brown Scott R. Sanders Nina Glasgow Laszlo J. Kulcsar 《Rural sociology》2017,82(1):44-74
Population aging is being experienced by many rural communities in the United States, as evidenced by increases in the median age and the high incidence of natural population decrease. The implications of these changes in population structure for the daily lives of the residents in such communities have received little attention. We address this issue in this study by examining the relationship between population aging and the availability of service‐providing establishments in the rural United States between 1990 and 2010. Using data mainly from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we estimate a series of fixed‐effects regression models to identify the relationship between median age and establishment counts net of changes in overall population and other factors. We find a significant but nonlinear relationship between county median age and the total number of service‐providing establishments, and counts of most specific types of services. We find a positive effect of total population size across all of our models. This total population effect is consistent with that found in other research, but the independent effect of age structure that we observe represents a novel finding and suggests that age structure is a salient factor in local rural development and community well‐being. 相似文献
154.
Effects of Physical and Emotional Maternal Hostility on Adolescents’ Depression and Reoffending 下载免费PDF全文
April Gile Thomas Nina Ozbardakci Adam Fine Laurence Steinberg Paul J. Frick Elizabeth Cauffman 《Journal of research on adolescence》2018,28(2):427-437
This study examines whether (1) mothers vary in the way they express hostility toward their delinquent adolescent offspring, (2) different types of maternal hostility differentially affect adolescents’ depression and recidivism, and (3) adolescent depression serves as a mechanism through which maternal hostility predicts later reoffending. The sample consists of 1,216 male first‐time offenders, aged 13–17 years (M = 15.80, SD = 1.29). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the premise that maternal hostility could be distinguished into two subtypes: emotional and physical hostility. Adolescent offenders who experienced emotional or physical hostility by their mothers reported greater depressive symptoms and reoffending 6 months later. Further, the relation between maternal hostility (of each type) and adolescent reoffending was partially explained by depressive symptomology. 相似文献
155.
Sven-Olof Yrjö Collin Yuliya Ponomareva Sara Ottosson Nina Sundberg 《Journal of Management and Governance》2017,21(3):685-713
Shareholders are not identical, but differ in their objectives and actions. One difference is the level of delegation of the principal functions to the board, which we suggest can be observed through the level of directors’ compensation. We analyze the difference in board compensation through the concept of governance strategy and suggest two distinct categories of shareholder strategies: the company governance strategy and the financial governance strategy. These strategies create different distributions of governance costs, which we separate into principal costs and agency costs. We claim that the financial governance strategy adopts a higher level of delegation, which implies that the principal costs are assumed by the corporation and that agency costs are higher. This in turn can explain the higher compensation for the directors of the board compared to compensation under the company governance strategy. We test our hypothesis using a three-year panel of Swedish listed corporations and find that shareholders pursuing a financial governance strategy are associated with higher levels of board compensation. These findings suggest the existence of differences in governance strategies, reflected in governance costs through board compensation, among different types of shareholders in a corporation. 相似文献
156.
Dockray S Grant N Stone AA Kahneman D Wardle J Steptoe A 《Social indicators research》2010,99(2):269-283
Measurement of affective states in everyday life is of fundamental importance in many types of quality of life, health, and
psychological research. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is the recognized method of choice, but the respondent burden
can be high. The day reconstruction method (DRM) was developed by Kahneman and colleagues (Science, 2004, 306, 1776–1780) to assess affect, activities and time use in everyday life. We sought to validate DRM affect ratings by comparison
with contemporaneous EMA ratings in a sample of 94 working women monitored over work and leisure days. Six EMA ratings of
happiness, tiredness, stress, and anger/frustration were obtained over each 24 h period, and were compared with DRM ratings
for the same hour, recorded retrospectively at the end of the day. Similar profiles of affect intensity were recorded with
the two techniques. The between-person correlations adjusted for attenuation ranged from 0.58 (stress, working day) to 0.90
(happiness, leisure day). The strength of associations was not related to age, educational attainment, or depressed mood.
We conclude that the DRM provides reasonably reliable estimates both of the intensity of affect and variations in affect over
the day, so is a valuable instrument for the measurement of everyday experience in health and social research. 相似文献
157.
Diane Richardson Nina Laurie Meena Poudel Janet Townsend 《The Sociological review》2016,64(2):329-348
This article analyses the relationship between gender, sexuality and citizenship embedded in models of citizenship in the Global South, specifically in South Asia, and the meanings associated with having – or not having – citizenship. It does this through an examination of women's access to citizenship in Nepal in the context of the construction of the emergent nation state in the ‘new’ Nepal ‘post‐conflict’. Our analysis explores gendered and sexualized constructions of citizenship in this context through a specific focus on women who have experienced trafficking, and are beginning to organize around rights to sustainable livelihoods and actively lobby for changes in citizenship rules which discriminate against women. Building from this, in the final section we consider important implications of this analysis of post‐trafficking experiences for debates about gender, sexuality and citizenship more broadly. 相似文献
158.
Nina Pauls Christian Schlett Roman Soucek Michael Ziegler Nicole Frank 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2016,47(2):105-117
Resilience refers to personal resources and behavioral strategies that protect psychological well-being even under high demands. The present study examines whether mindfulness fosters resilience and reduces emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, we evaluate the effectiveness of a web-based mindfulness intervention that saves costs and time compared to existing face-to-face trainings. The assumptions were tested with a sample of N = 72 employees within a pre- and posttest design with a treatment and control group. The results provide empirical evidence that mindfulness reduces emotional exhaustion, which is mediated by resilient behavior. Furthermore, the intervention is effective with regard to mindfulness. 相似文献
159.
The digital traces that we leave online are increasingly fruitful sources of data for social scientists, including those interested in demographic research. The collection and use of digital data also presents numerous statistical, computational, and ethical challenges, motivating the development of new research approaches to address these burgeoning issues. In this article, we argue that researchers with formal training in demography—those who have a history of developing innovative approaches to using challenging data—are well positioned to contribute to this area of work. We discuss the benefits and challenges of using digital trace data for social and demographic research, and we review examples of current demographic literature that creatively use digital trace data to study processes related to fertility, mortality, and migration. Focusing on Facebook data for advertisers—a novel “digital census” that has largely been untapped by demographers—we provide illustrative and empirical examples of how demographic researchers can manage issues such as bias and representation when using digital trace data. We conclude by offering our perspective on the road ahead regarding demography and its role in the data revolution. 相似文献
160.
This study examined use of power resources and power effectiveness during the process and outcome of focal children's disputes with their sibling and friend across early and middle childhood. Participants included 35/46 families; focal children (15 males, 20 females) were observed at the age of four (T1) and 3 years later at the age of seven (T2) at home. Sibling and friend conflict sequences were coded for power resources (coercive physical, coercive verbal, simple information, elaborated information, legitimate), immediate power effectiveness (attempt, success), and conflict outcome. Relationship effects indicated focal children employed coercive physical and legitimate power more with siblings whereas they used simple information power more with friends during the conflict process. Focal children were more effective using legitimate power with siblings than friends in the conflict process whereas information power was used more when focal children won conflicts with friends. Regarding developmental effects, focal children employed more coercive physical power at T1 than T2 and elaborated information power at T2 than T1. In contrast, focal children were more effective using information power and coercion when winning conflicts with friends at T2 than T1. Results highlight variability in children's use of power based on relationship partner and development. 相似文献