Growth,Inequality and Poverty in Emerging and Transition Economies

This paper aims to explore the quality of economic growth in a sample of 50 emerging and transition economies (ETEs), which are countries experiencing a process of fast growth and institutional change. Economic growth during 1995–2006 is regressed against poverty, inequality and human development variables using OLS cross-country regression models. The main findings are that growth did not reduce poverty and income inequality worsened too. On the one hand, economic growth occurred despite the worsening of income inequality. However, this result does not identify a “U-shaped” Kuznets curve because even after a consistent period of growth, inequality did not decrease and it remained at higher levels. Only countries with higher education levels and public expenditure in strategic dimensions seem to escape from this trap. On the other hand, growth occurred at the expense of an important human development variable i.e., life expectancy, and of an important indicator of democracy, i.e., voice and accountability.     

Respite and family support services: Responding to the need

Increased focus on the needs of parents and guardians for structured opportunities for temporary relief from care of disabled persons has stimulated policy and implementation initiatives at the state government level on behalf of these families. This article presents qualitative and quantitative data on the need for respite services not only in terms of relief, but as a positive, supportive force in the prevention of permanent placement outside the home. Current services are outlined and issues important to clinicians and managers working with such families are discussed.Planning and Development     

Adolescent Psychological Well‐being,Radicalism, and Activism: The Mediating Role of Social Disconnectedness and the Illegitimacy of the Authorities

The identification of factors that counter youth’s radicalization while promoting democratic activism is a timely social issue. This paper examines the association of psychological well‐being (PWB) with violent radicalism and nonviolent activism, by focusing on the mediating role of both social disconnectedness (SD) and the perceived illegitimacy of the authorities (PIoA). Two mediation structural equation models (full vs. partial) were applied to data collected from 328 Italian adolescents (14–19 years). The results showed how SD and PIoA fully mediated the link of PWB with radicalism (negatively) and activism (positively). This model was further supported when compared with an alternative one proposing PWB as a mediator between SD and PIoA. The findings are discussed in light of the existing literature and provide potential implications for practice.     

Bayesian analysis of dynamic magnetic resonance breast images

Summary.  We describe an integrated methodology for analysing dynamic magnetic resonance images of the breast. The problems that motivate this methodology arise from a collaborative study with a tumour institute. The methods are developed within the Bayesian framework and comprise image restoration and classification steps. Two different approaches are proposed for the restoration. Bayesian inference is performed by means of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. We make use of a Metropolis algorithm with a specially chosen proposal distribution that performs better than more commonly used proposals. The classification step is based on a few attribute images yielded by the restoration step that describe the essential features of the contrast agent variation over time. Procedures for hyperparameter estimation are provided, so making our method automatic. The results show the potential of the methodology to extract useful information from acquired dynamic magnetic resonance imaging data about tumour morphology and internal pathophysiological features.     

Reliability assessments by repair shops via maintenance data∗$Fr1:$Sup;∗$esup;$fr:$sup;∗$esup;This is the revised version (containing further applicative examples) of the paper published in the proceedings of the Reliability ‘87 Conference, 14–16 April,Birmimgham, U.K., as anticipated during the oral presentation given then.$ef.

Sometimes, the normal maintenance data recorded by repair shops, working around systems as small as cars or as large as factories, can be used to perform reliability evaluations both in terms of distribution of times to first failure and in terms of expected number of failure in a given time interval. Some examples fiom the field show the use of two estimation procedures proposed for parts and systems respectively, in the context of Non-stationary Stochastic Process. Every attempt has been made to make the whole work practice-oriented, as well as in relation to dimensioning and managing the repair shops themselves.     

Varying levels of anomie in Europe: a multilevel analysis based on multidimensional IRT models

Recent years have seen increased attention paid to monitoring social anomie and its dependency on micro- and macro-factors. In this paper, we endorse the theorisation of social anomie as a complex, multidimensional and multilevel phenomenon. To ensure a rigorous measurement of the varying levels of social anomie in the European countries, the current study relies on a multilevel multidimensional item response theory model which explicitly accounts for the presence of a non-ignorable missing data mechanism. This unified approach makes it possible to specify an analytical model of links between anomie features and their determinants and to explore how the latent traits of interest are influenced by individual-level factors, as well as by country-level indicators. Additionally, to avoid misleading inferential conclusions, the proposed model takes into account the respondent’s omitting behaviour, assuming that the missingness mechanism is driven by a latent propensity to respond. Data used in this study have been collected in the 2010 wave of the European Social Survey. To reduce the computational complexities, a Bayesian specification of the MIRT model is provided and the parameter model estimates are obtained through MCMC algorithms.     

Social time preference

The observed practice of discounting the future should not be rationalised on the grounds of myopia or selfishness. A positive rate of pure time preference is necessary to ensure that heterogeneous generations are treated in an egalitarian fashion. A zero social discount rate would yield intertemporal allocations which are biased against the current generations. Endogenous productivity growth requires that the social discount rate be set above the subjective rate of pure time preference. Positive social time preference, far from discriminating against future generations, is essential for a fairer intertemporal allocation of resources. Received: 3 July 1999/Accepted: 6 October 1999