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181.
Age at first marriage in Malawi: a Bayesian multilevel analysis using a discrete time-to-event model 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Samuel Manda Renate Meyer 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, (Statistics in Society)》2005,168(2):439-455
Summary. The paper presents a hierarchical discrete time survival model for the analysis of the 2000 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey data to assess the determinants of transition to marriage among women in Malawi. The model explicitly accounts for the unobserved heterogeneity by using family and community random effects with cross-level correlation structure. A nonparametric technique is used to model the base-line discrete hazard dynamically. Parameters of the model are computed by using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The results show that rising age at marriage is a combination of birth cohort and education effects, depends considerably on the family and to some extent on the community in which a woman resides and the correlation between family and community random effects is negative. These results confirm a downward trend in teenage marriage and that raising women's education levels in sub-Saharan Africa has the beneficial effect of increasing age at marriage, and by implication reducing total fertility rates. The negative correlation between family and community random effects has policy implications in that targeting communities with an intervention to increase age at first marriage may not necessarily yield reduced fertility levels in individual families. A campaign that is geared towards individual families would achieve the desired goals. Overall, the findings point to the need for the Government in Malawi to enact public policies which are geared at vastly improving women's education at higher levels. The variation in marriage rates over families poses problems in delivering the policy, since particular policies must be devised for specific groups of families to accomplish the required social and health objectives. 相似文献
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184.
We develop and test a model of nonprofit executive compensation based on theories of organizational science, economics, and agency theory. Our sample consisted of 114 directors of small business development centers in the United States. Consistent with our model, we find significant effects for human capital, organizational size, and organizational affiliation. We find tentative support for a significant pay‐for‐performance relationship. We find that when education, tenure, size, performance, and affiliation are held constant, female executives are compensated significantly less than male executives. 相似文献
185.
St. Wolfgang College recently decided to change its health care plan. The administration took this action after just minimum consultation with the faculty. Consequently, the faculty is disheartened, seeing the action as a reflection of the college's top down decision making process and command culture. Faculty are in a quadary as to what they can do. Further, the administration of the college has largely rebuffed the faculty's efforts to increase its involvement in governance, rejecting a faculty reform effort. The college's president has a background primarily in administration at the secondary school level. Since assuming leadership he has focused on improving physical plant. He avows a mission of enhancing the college's academic reputation and has taken actions that he and the administration believe will achieve this goal, such as dismantling two year degree programs that primarily serve disadvantaged and minority students and providing extra funding to flagship programs. 相似文献
186.
The Beacon Art Center and Institute, located in an area of Florida experiencing rapid population growth, has enjoyed increases
in membership,revenue and services. The Board of the Corporation and the Director must develop a long range strategic plan
for the future of the organization. Ability to function is currently restricted by limited space, limited size of staff, and
limited endowment. The center also faces potentially troublesome governance issues. The long run future of the art center
must be addressed by the Board and the Director of the organization.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
187.
Philip Eigen 《Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching》2007,14(4):392-403
Family-businesses draw both their strengths and weaknesses from the combination of two systems with different rules. This fact is revealed drastically, when family-businesses are passed over to the next generation. This transition marks one of the biggest milestones in the life-cycle of a family-business and therefore often fails. What exactly is the task, the following generation is facing? The main idea of this text according to the ideas of constructivism is that the following generation has to discover its own and the construction of all participants of the transition regarding reality. This is necessary to enable the company to create a (new) stable construction of itself. 相似文献
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We estimate the death rate of United States troops deployed to Iraq from the beginning of the US invasion through 30 September 2006. Eighty percent of the deaths in Iraq were combat‐related. The death rate in Iraq is lower than that of the civilian population of the United States but substantially higher than that of young adults. It is much lower than the death rate of US troops in Vietnam, in part because a much smaller fraction die among those wounded in Iraq. We also estimate relative mortality levels for US troops according to numerous demographic variables through 30 November 2006. The risk of death in Iraq per deployment is shown to be highest for Marines; Naval and Air Force personnel in Iraq have lower death rates than the civilian population of comparable age. Other categories with above‐average mortality in Iraq are enlisted troops, males, younger persons, and Hispanics. 相似文献
190.
Influence of vegetation composition on runoff in two simulated green roof experiments 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Despite the fact that green roofs are based upon living systems, the majority of published research literature contains little
specific information on the contribution of plants to the various functions and properties of green roofs. Furthermore, there
has been little investigation of the influence of the composition of vegetation on the physical properties of a green roof
system. This paper reviews previously published material that throws light on the role of vegetation composition on green
roof function, with particular regard to rainwater runoff. Two experiments at the University of Sheffield, UK, are considered
in detail: (a) An outdoor lysimeter experiment that investigated the quantity of runoff from trays containing 100 mm of growing
medium and combinations of grasses and forbs, together with bare substrate, and (b) a greenhouse experiment using simulated
rainfall to estimate the amount of rainfall intercepted by different vegetation types. In both cases the vegetation ranged
from simple monocultures of forbs and grasses through to complex mixtures of both. In both cases, the composition of the vegetation
was found to significantly affect both the amount of water retained and released from the system. 相似文献