Be Careful Where You Smile: Culture Shapes Judgments of Intelligence and Honesty of Smiling Individuals

Smiling individuals are usually perceived more favorably than non-smiling ones—they are judged as happier, more attractive, competent, and friendly. These seemingly clear and obvious consequences of smiling are assumed to be culturally universal, however most of the psychological research is carried out in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) and the influence of culture on social perception of nonverbal behavior is still understudied. Here we show that a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual in cultures low on the GLOBE’s uncertainty avoidance dimension. Furthermore, we show that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling—in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced. This research fosters understanding of the cultural framework surrounding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that in some cultures smiling may lead to negative attributions.     

Does NGOs’ Commercialization Affect Volunteer Work? The Crowding out or Crowding in Effect

Public Organization Review - The aim of this article is to identify whether the commercialization of NGOs has an influence on the crowding out or crowding in effect of volunteer work, and to...     

A Meta-analytical Synthesis and Examination of Pathological and Problem Gambling Rates and Associated Moderators Among College Students, 1987–2016

The problem of gambling addiction is especially noteworthy among college students, many of whom have the resources, proximity, free time, and desire to become involved in the myriad options of gambling now available. Although limited attention has been paid specifically to college student gambling in the body of literature, there have been three published meta-analyses estimating the prevalence of probable pathological gambling among college students. The research presented is the largest and most comprehensive, presenting an up-to-date proportion of those students worldwide exhibiting gambling pathology as assessed by the South Oaks Gambling Screen, and is the first to include estimates of sub-clinical problem gambling. A thorough literature review and coding procedure resulted in 124 independent data estimates retrieved from 72 studies conducted between 1987 and the present, surveying 41,989 university students worldwide. The estimated proportion of probable pathological gamblers among students was computed at 6.13%, while the rate of problem gambling was computed at 10.23%. Statistical significance was found in the influence of the percentage of non-white students on pathological gambling rates. The implications of this and other moderator analyses such as age and year of studies, as well as recommendations for future practice in dealing with college students and gambling disorder on campus are outlined and described in detail. Suggestions and rationales for future avenues of research in the area are also described.     

Le non‐respect des dispositions relatives au salaire minimum en Europe centrale et orientale

L'étude porte sur l'inobservation du salaire minimum dans dix pays d'Europe centrale et orientale dotés de cette institution. Les auteurs estiment la fréquence et la gravité des infractions à partir des données de l'EU‐SILC (2003–2012), en reprenant la méthode de Bhorat, Kanbur et Mayet (2013). Ils tiennent compte dans leurs régressions des caractéristiques individuelles, des caractéristiques de l'emploi et des données macroéconomiques. Les infractions restent relativement peu fréquentes mais touchent d'abord les groupes que les politiques de salaire minimum devraient protéger. Par ailleurs, la hausse du rapport entre salaire minimum et salaire moyen dans le temps s'accompagne d'une hausse de la fréquence des infractions.     

Poland's Contentious Elites Enter the Age of Revolution: Extending Social Movement Concepts

Scholars of social movements commonly call for the field to be broadened in various ways because movements are often intertwined with other forms of conflict and because the causes or consequences of movements may operate differently in different contexts. Important change processes that were unfolding in Poland at the time of the French Revolution provide an instructive case. Although the contemporaneous French Revolution, with its enormous quantity and variety of collective mobilizations has been a touchstone for social movement scholars, the work of Poland's reform parliament and the adoption of Poland's 1791 constitution have gotten much less attention. Poland's reform politics not only provides both instructive parallels to and differences from French revolutionary developments, but were also deeply intertwined with them and embedded with those French events in a larger, European field of contention. Perhaps one of the most intriguing aspects of the Polish reform movement is that it was largely driven by elites, something noted in Karl Marx's bemused praise. Although social movements played very much less of a role in Poland than in France, we try to show here that familiar tools of social movement analysis permit an account of those Polish events as well.     

Demographic situation in Poland on the background of changes in the European countries--in relation to forecast assumptions

The author discusses demographic trends in Poland and compares these trends with those in other European countries. Aspects considered include family formation and dissolution; fertility; mortality, life expectancy, and health status; demographic resources and changes in the age structure; and demographic aging.     

The national population and housing census, 2000

The authors describe changes proposed for the census scheduled for the year 2000 in Poland. These include changes in coverage, definitions, methods of tabulation, and concepts. Some of these changes concern data on households and families, fertility, and economic activities. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)