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151.
Consider the canonical-form MANOVA setup with X: n × p = (+ E, Xi ni × p, i = 1, 2, 3, Mi: ni × p, i = 1, 2, n1 + n2 + n3) p, where E is a normally distributed error matrix with mean zero and dispersion In (> 0 (positive definite). Assume (in contrast with the usual case) that M1i is normal with mean zero and dispersion In1) and M22 is either fixed or random normal with mean zero and different dispersion matrix In2 (being unknown. It is also assumed that M1 E, and M2 (if random) are all independent. For testing H0) = 0 versus H1: (> 0, it is shown that when either n2 = 0 or M2 is fixed if n2 > 0, the trace test of Pillai (1955) is uniformly most powerful invariant (UMPI) if min(n1, p)= 1 and locally best invariant (LBI) if min(n1 p) > 1 underthe action of the full linear group Gl (p). When p > 1, the LBI test is also derived under a somewhat smaller group GT(p) of p × p lower triangular matrices with positive diagonal elements. However, such results do not hold if n2 > 0 and M2 is random. The null, nonnull, and optimality robustness of Pillai's trace test under Gl(p) for suitable deviations from normality is pointed out. 相似文献
152.
In Korea, total fertility declined from 6.0 in 1960 to 1.6 in 1990, in spite of a strong preference for male offspring. This paper addresses the notion that son preference hinders fertility decline, and examines the effects of patriarchal relations and modernization on fertility using the 1991 Korea National Fertility and Family Health Survey. It was found that women who have a son are less likely to have another child, and that women with a son who do progress to have another child, take longer to conceive the subsequent child. This pattern prevailed for women of parity one, two, and three, and became more pronounced with higher parity. A multivariate analysis showed that preference for male offspring, patriarchy, and modernization are all strong predictors of second, third, and fourth conceptions. 相似文献
153.
This paper uses household level data from National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) of India, the 55th round (1999–2000),
to show that for urban male children there exists significant wage incentive for schooling, though school dropout rate and
child labour incidence are not so small. The parents’ level of education plays an important role in reducing this tendency;
thus establishing the linkage between social and human capital outcomes in the family. We also look at the incidence of harmful
and manual occupations among the child labour. Mother’s education now appears as a very important factor in curbing these
incidences; supporting earlier findings that women’s empowerment (one important indicator of which would be female educational
level) is indeed instrumental in increasing parental awareness. 相似文献
154.
Prithwis Das Gupta 《Demography》1975,12(2):303-312
The paper provides a general method for estimating age-reporting errors from two consecutive census populations along the lines suggested by Demeny and Shorter (1968). When the true age structures in the two censuses are the same, the general method and the Demeny-Shorter method give identical results. However, the latter method faces increasingly the problem of inconsistency of the results with the underlying sssumptions as the disparity between the age structures becomes more and more significant. The present method is more general in the sense that it always gives consitent results irrespective of the populations under consideration. 相似文献
155.
Anant Mishra Sidhartha R. Das James J. Murray 《Production and Operations Management》2016,25(2):210-232
In recent years, there has been increasing pressure on the US federal government to reduce spending and improve the management of its technology projects. Mitigating the adverse impact of risks on the performance of these projects presents a significant challenge for its stakeholders. Our research examines this challenge in two steps. First, we identify and define a set of salient risks in federal technology projects—specifically, complexity risk and contracting risk in the planning process, and execution risk in the execution process. Next, we investigate whether higher levels of process maturity, assessed by the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) framework, mitigate the negative effect of project risks on project performance. The analysis of time‐series data collected from 82 federal technology projects across 519 quarterly time periods indicates that each of the three types of risks has a significant negative effect on project performance. This finding highlights the practical significance of managing these risks in the federal technology project context. Further, we find that increasing levels of process maturity attenuate the negative effect of project risks on the performance of federal technology projects. However, the attenuation effects are consequential only at high levels of project risks; at low levels of project risk, increasing levels of process maturity can adversely affect project performance. To demonstrate the financial implications of increasing process maturity levels in federal technology projects, we examine the magnitude of project cost savings (and overruns) across different levels of CMMI and project risks. In summary, our study contributes to the sparse literature on public sector operations by addressing the understudied context of federal technology projects, and provides a nuanced examination of the implications of process maturity in managing the risk to performance relationship in such projects. 相似文献
156.
Vinit Mukhija Ashok Das Lara Regus Sara Slovin Tsay 《Planning Practice and Research》2015,30(2):222-235
Inclusionary zoning (IZ), a controversial planning tool for supplying affordable housing, grew significantly during the 2000s' housing boom in the USA. We review the resultant scholarly literature on IZ. Our key reading is that IZ can include both tradeoffs and practical efforts to address them. There is also a need for additional research. More specifically, we find that IZ programs (i) have many components and vary considerably; (ii) can increase affordable housing production and social integration, but there can be a tradeoff between these goals; and (iii) can have slight adverse market effects, but cost-offsets can help mitigate the outcomes. Finally, we discuss the need for more research, particularly in-depth case studies and make suggestions. 相似文献
157.
Explicit policy to control fertility in the United States to date has focussed on the “unmet need” for contraceptive services in 1966 among an estimated five million poor and near-poor women. This paper reestimates the number of women in need of contraceptive services by disaggregating (on the basis of tabulations from the Current Population Surveys for 1966 and 1967, and the 1965 National Fertility Study) all poor and near-poor women into 54 subgroups differentiated by age, marital status, religion, and color. Data from the 1965 National Fertility Study, and from other studies, are then used to estimate for each subgroup deductions for sterility, pregnancy, waiting time for conception, and negative attitudes toward and current use of contraception. The residual number of women who both want and require contraceptive services, but do not have them, is estimated to be 1.2 million, rather than 4.6 million. The fact that the re-estimate takes into account both existing contraceptive practice and negative attitudes toward family limitation accounts for much of the difference between it and the original figure. 相似文献
158.
In this article we compare some common ratio estimators for estimating the population total of a given characteristic. The sampling schemes considered are simple random sampling (S.R.S.) and S.R.S.under stratification. The comparisons are made using the Pitman Nearness criterion under the model-based approach. The error term is assumed normal with mean zero and variance σg(x). The function g(x) is a known function of the auxiliary variable x. Special interest is on the cases of g(x) =l and x. The result is found the same as that using MSE criterion, although the PN is very different from the MSE intrinsically. 相似文献
159.
Sanghamitra Das 《商业与经济统计学杂志》2013,31(4):469-474
Fuel coefficients of cement production—one for each process of production—are estimated by explicitly accounting for the multiple-kiln structure of cement plants. Unobserved heterogeneity across plants is found to be significant. Furthermore, since the estimable model is nonlinear in exogenous variables and parameters, a fixed-effects estimator for nonlinear regression is used to obtain the estimates. 相似文献
160.
An attempt has been mads to suggest some estimators for population mean in double sampling with two auxiliary variables., alternative to the usual regression estimator. When the experimenter has partial Information about the mean of the auxiliary variable or variables, preliminary test estimators can be used. The bias, mean square error, relative efficiency and optimum allocation of sample sizes are obtained for the suggested estimators. 相似文献