Children's gender- and age-based categorization in similarity and induction tasks

The present studies examined children's and adults' preferences for gender- or age-based categorization using similarity and inductive inference tasks. Four-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and adults looked at pictures of people and decided which of two was more like a target (similarity condition) or which shared a novel age- or gender-related property with the target (inference condition). Age or gender-based matches were possible. The results are consistent with previous findings that gender-based classification decreases with age. However, they also demonstrate that children use gender more for judging similarity than for making inferences about novel properties. Distinct patterns emerge from the two tasks: 6-year-olds and adults in both conditions categorize more by age than gender; 4-year-olds categorize by gender more than age in the similarity task, but by age more in the induction task. Only adults differentiated by property in the inference condition. These findings suggest that the salience of gender categories cannot entirely be attributed to their inductive potential. Gender has a salience beyond what would be predicted by its power for directing novel generalizations.     

论和谐发展人才的培养

高校作为构建社会主义和谐社会的重要基地,应该以培养和谐发展的人才为中心.培养和谐发展的人才,就要始终坚持以学生为本,把全面、协调、可持续的发展要求落实到人才培养的全过程,教育学生形成和谐人生观,为和谐发展的人生打下坚实基础.     

於梨华留学生文学创作心灵嬗变的轨迹

留学生文学鼻祖於梨华心灵嬗变的轨迹与留学生文学的形成、发展密切相关。她的心灵经历了"依附过美国而终于对美国失望,投奔台湾而终于与台湾离异,疑惧大陆而终于对新中国认同"的嬗变历程。因此作家笔下的留学生文学既抒写了"无根的一代"的苦闷与寂寞,再现了他们迷惑与彷徨的心境,又表达了对祖国大陆的认同、归依的情思和要写出硅谷新一代移民的新发展的理想。     

Statistics for weighing benefits and harms in a proposed genetic substudy of a randomized cancer prevention trial

Summary.  When evaluating potential interventions for cancer prevention, it is necessary to compare benefits and harms. With new study designs, new statistical approaches may be needed to facilitate this comparison. A case in point arose in a proposed genetic substudy of a randomized trial of tamoxifen versus placebo in asymptomatic women who were at high risk for breast cancer. Although the randomized trial showed that tamoxifen substantially reduced the risk of breast cancer, the harms from tamoxifen were serious and some were life threaten-ing. In hopes of finding a subset of women with inherited risk genes who derive greater bene-fits from tamoxifen, we proposed a nested case–control study to test some trial subjects for various genes and new statistical methods to extrapolate benefits and harms to the general population. An important design question is whether or not the study should target common low penetrance genes. Our calculations show that useful results are only likely with rare high penetrance genes.     

自然科学与基督教的关系探讨——以自然科学的起源和前沿为视角

文章首先通过分析自然科学与基督教方法论发展上的相似,来说明近代自然科学在本源上与基督教的紧密联系,论证了近代自然科学在基督教欧洲发生的必然性.其次通过阐述当代自然科学一些前沿问题的研究进展来证明自然科学和基督教世界观的内在一致性.最后试图以基督教和近代自然科学的关系为先导,提出一些具有现实价值的、值得各领域一起合作探索的问题.同时也希望本文能够纠正一些长久以来存在于人们脑海中由于特定宗教、文化和意识形态下以偏概全的观念.     

优选方案定量评价模型研究

在确定评价指标体系的基础上，如何对若干事物或方案进行选优是一个十分有意义的问题．作者利用模糊多目标决策对此进行研究，并通过实例说明该方法的有效性与实用性．     

石涛"一画"论的美学意义

"一画"是理解石涛绘画美学思性与根据性,但更强调根据性."一画"也是画家创作的原动力和根本规律,它虽与具体的艺术技巧有关,但不再是对具体的法则与规律的描述."一画"还是在本体与画家主体之间的联系纽带,它根源于中国传统思想的"天人合一".而之所以能实现这种"天人合一",与画家的淡化功利观念密切相关.     

Preparing Parents for Adoption: An Agency Experience

To prepare for the complexities of family formation, 78 prospective adoptive parents participated in Pre-Adopt, a psychosocial educational orientation program offered by one private nonprofit agency. The five-session curriculum included an overview of adoption policies and procedures, discussion of the child placement process, exploration of couples' adoption concerns and expectations about child characteristics, information about adoption laws and birth-parent/child searches, and examination of anticipatory fantasies about birth parents. Program evaluation yielded statistically significant and clinically meaningful findings about changes in emotional readiness to adopt, parenting knowledge, and satisfaction with group participation, adoption policies and agency practices. Practice implications are considered.